State v. Gates, 2D02-1189.

• Decision Date: 27 September 2002
• Docket Number: No. 2D02-1189.,2D02-1189.
• Citation: 826 So.2d 1064
• Parties: STATE of Florida, Petitioner, v. Nathaniel GATES, Respondent.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

826 So.2d 1064

STATE of Florida, Petitioner, v. Nathaniel GATES, Respondent.

No. 2D02-1189.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.

September 27, 2002.

Mark A. Ober, State Attorney, and Scott Harmon, Assistant State Attorney, Tampa; and Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Katherine V. Blanco, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for Petitioner.

Julianne M. Holt, Public Defender, and Samantha Ward, Assistant Public Defender, Tampa, for Respondent.

PARKER, Judge.

In this petition for writ of certiorari, the State challenges the trial court's pretrial order granting Nathaniel Gates's motion to forbid the State from proceeding on a theory of prosecution inconsistent with that presented during the trial of Gates's codefendant Joshua Bailey. We grant the petition in part and deny it in part.

Gates and Bailey were both charged with first-degree murder for the death of Donald Frier. The police investigation established that Gates and Bailey had a dispute with Frier while at a convenience store. Gates and Bailey left the store and waited for Frier along a path that Frier routinely traveled to go home. When Frier came down the path, Gates and Bailey jumped on him and began beating him, ultimately breaking his jaw and rendering him unconscious. Gates and Bailey then dragged Frier to a small pond, where one or both of them held Frier's head under water until he drowned. Gates and Bailey then took Frier's bicycle to a remote location and burned it. The medical examiner testified that Frier died from the drowning, not from the injuries he sustained in the beating.

In statements made to the police, Gates and Bailey each said that the other had been the one to hold Frier's head under water. However, in statements made to friends, Bailey bragged that he had held Frier's head under water until Bailey "stopped hearing gurgling noises." Similarly, Gates told a fellow inmate, Sandy Brackett, that he had been the one to hold Frier's head under the water until he drowned. Thus, when speaking with the police, Gates and Bailey each blamed the other for holding Frier's head under water. However, each took credit for killing Frier when speaking with friends and fellow inmates.

The trial court severed Gates's and Bailey's cases for trial, and Bailey was tried first. In a pretrial ruling in Bailey's case, the trial court excluded Sandy Brackett's testimony concerning Gates's confession, finding that the testimony was inadmissible hearsay and that the context in which the confession was made rendered it unreliable. At Bailey's trial, the jury heard testimony from Bailey's friends that Bailey had bragged about beating Frier and holding his head under water until he drowned. The jury also heard testimony from Bailey that Gates was the one who held Frier's head under water. In closing arguments, while the State briefly argued that Bailey could be convicted as a principal regardless of who held Frier's head under water, the State discounted the principal theory, stating:

To be a principal the defendant does not have to be present when the crime is committed or attempted. He doesn't even have to be present when Mr. Frier is being drowned for him to be a principal, but I've proven to you that not only was he present here he actually drowned Donald Frier.

The State later continued in this vein, asserting, "I submit to you ... not only was he [Bailey] present[,] he committed the act.... Joshua Bailey definitely by the evidence in this case which has been proven beyond any doubt held Donald Frier's head under water." The jury subsequently convicted Bailey of first-degree murder.

Several months later in a pretrial ruling before Gates's trial, the trial court ruled that Sandy Brackett's testimony was admissible in Gates's trial under the hearsay exception for statements against interest. See § 90.804(2)(c), Fla. Stat. (1999). At Gates's trial, the State asserted in its opening statement that it would prove that "this man [Gates] went into the water and held Donnie Frier's head under the water to make sure he was dead, to make sure he died." The jury heard testimony from Sandy Brackett that Gates had bragged that he had held Frier's head under water. However, the jury also heard Gates's testimony, in which he denied holding Frier's head under water. In closing arguments, the State argued that Sandy Brackett's testimony was the more credible evidence and that the evidence established that Gates had killed Frier by throwing him in the lake and holding him under water until he drowned. The jury convicted Gates of second-degree murder.

Gates appealed his conviction on the ground that the trial court should have recused itself after making various derogatory comments to defense counsel during trial within the jury's hearing. This court reversed Gates's conviction on this basis and remanded for a new trial before a different judge. Gates v. State, 784 So.2d 1235 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001).

In preparation for Gates's retrial on remand, Gates filed a motion arguing that the State's intended theory of guilt violated Gates's due process rights. Gates asked the trial court to exclude Sandy Brackett's testimony because it had been excluded at Bailey's trial as unreliable. Gates also asked the trial court to forbid the State from arguing a theory of guilt at Gates's retrial inconsistent with the theory it had argued at Bailey's trial. Gates contended that because the State had successfully argued at Bailey's trial that Bailey had been the one to drown Frier, the State should not be allowed to argue at Gates's trial that Gates drowned Frier. In essence, Gates sought to limit the State to arguing that, at most, Gates was guilty only as a principal. Following a hearing, the trial court granted this motion. The State then filed a petition for writ of certiorari in this court, seeking review of the trial court's order.

As an initial matter, the State's petition for writ of certiorari is the proper vehicle through which to have this order reviewed. State v. Pettis, 520 So.2d 250, 253 (Fla.1988) (holding that if a nonfinal order does not involve one of the subjects enumerated in Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.140(c)(1), review via a petition for writ of certiorari is appropriate because the State would not otherwise have any avenue to correct the error). In order for the writ to issue, the State must prove that the trial court's ruling violated a clearly established legal principle which would result in material injustice. State v. Cohens, 701 So.2d 362, 363 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997); State v. Dennis, 696 So.2d 848 (Fla. 2d DCA 1997).

Applying that standard to the trial court's order, we hold that, to the extent the order forbids the State from introducing admissible evidence against Gates, the order violates a clearly established legal principle. The crux of Gates's evidentiary argument is that because the testimony of Sandy Brackett was excluded from Bailey's trial as being unreliable, the State should not be allowed to admit this "unreliable" evidence against him in his trial. However, at neither the hearing on the motion in the trial court nor in his brief to this court has Gates explained how allowing the State to introduce unquestionably admissible evidence against him violates his due process rights.

Brackett's testimony consisted essentially of Gates's jailhouse confession to holding Frier's head under water. However, Gates's confession to Brackett also included numerous statements that implicated Bailey in both the battery and the murder. At Bailey's trial, this testimony was properly excluded based on confrontation clause concerns. See Lilly v. Virginia, 527 U.S. 116, 137, 119 S.Ct. 1887, 144 L.Ed.2d 117 (1999)

(holding that a codefendant's confessions, particularly those that spread blame among all codefendants, are presumptively unreliable and therefore unlikely to be admissible in another codefendant's trial); Brooks v. State, 787 So.2d 765, 776-77 (Fla.2001) (discussing and adopting Lilly's analysis under Florida law). No such confrontation clause concerns exist in admitting Brackett's testimony against Gates at his trial. The fact that evidence excluded at Bailey's trial under the confrontation clause is admissible against Gates under Florida's evidence code does not violate Gates's due process rights. Therefore, to the extent that the trial court's order excludes Brackett's testimony from Gates's trial, it constitutes a violation of a clearly established legal principle. Accordingly, we grant the petition and quash the trial court's order to the extent that it excludes admissible evidence against Gates.

However...