State v. Harris

• Decision Date: 01 August 2006
• Docket Number: No. COA05-1031.,COA05-1031.
• Citation: 632 S.E.2d 534
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals
• Parties: STATE of North Carolina v. Darian Jaquan HARRIS, Defendant.

632 S.E.2d 534

STATE of North Carolina v. Darian Jaquan HARRIS, Defendant.

No. COA05-1031.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

August 1, 2006.

Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 21 April 2005 by Judge Kenneth F. Crow in the Superior Court in Craven County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 8 March 2006.

Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Karen Ousley Boyer, for the State.

Thomas R. Sallenger, Wilson, for defendant-appellant.

HUDSON, Judge.

In April 2005, the Craven County grand jury indicted defendant for the offenses of assault with a deadly weapon with the intent to kill inflicting serious injury, assault inflicting serious bodily injury, sale and delivery of cocaine, possession of cocaine, and possession of marijuana. At trial, a jury convicted defendant of possession of cocaine and possession of marijuana, but acquitted him of the remaining charges. On 21 April 2005, the court sentenced defendant as a habitual felon to 132 to 168 months for the cocaine possession and to a concurrent 20-day sentence for the marijuana possession. Defendant appeals. As discussed below, we find no error in part, reverse in part, and remand for entry of judgment.

The evidence tends to show that on Friday night, 20 August 2005, Ms. Renetta Bryant drank beer and liquor and smoked marijuana with her husband. Early the next morning, Bryant arrived at a friend's house, where she saw defendant, Darian Harris, sitting in a chair in the front room. Bryant testified that she "saw [defendant] snort cocaine up his nose," and that she bought a crack rock from him for $20.00, which she then smoked. Bryant testified that she fell asleep and later woke up and went to the bathroom and that when she returned to the front room, defendant poured alcohol on her and used his cigarette lighter to set her on fire. Hours later, EMS transported Bryant to the hospital, where she was treated for second and third degree burns and transferred to a burn center for follow-up.

On 24 August 2004, defendant's probation officer took a urine sample from defendant at the Craven County Detention Center to determine if he had used drugs in violation of his probation. The North Carolina Department of Corrections Substance Abuse and Intervention Program analyzed the urine sample, which tested positive for marijuana and cocaine. The lab conducted its test twice to confirm the presence of marijuana and cocaine in defendant's urine. At trial, Dr. Robert McClelland, an expert in general pharmacology, testified that cocaine can be detected in the body for approximately 27 to 96 hours after use and that marijuana can be detected in the body for "a fairly long period" of 40 to 45 days.

Defendant argues that the trial court erred in not granting his motion to dismiss for insufficiency of the evidence. "[T]he question for the trial court is whether there is substantial evidence of (1) each essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (2) of defendant's being the perpetrator of the offense." State v. Scott, 356 N.C. 591, 595, 573 S.E.2d 866, 868 (2002). In reviewing the trial court's ruling, we must evaluate the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and resolve all contradictions in favor of the State. State v. Malloy, 309 N.C. 176, 179, 305 S.E.2d 718, 720 (1983). The ultimate question is "whether a reasonable inference of the defendant's guilt may be drawn from the circumstances." State v. Lee, 348 N.C. 474, 488, 501 S.E.2d 334, 343 (1998). If the evidence supports a reasonable inference of defendant's guilt, it is up to the jury to decide whether there is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Trull, 349 N.C. 428, 447, 509 S.E.2d 178, 191 (1998). However, if the evidence is "sufficient only to raise a suspicion or conjecture as to either the commission of the offense or the identity of the defendant as the perpetrator, the motion to dismiss must be allowed." Malloy, 309 N.C. at 179, 305 S.E.2d at 720 (internal citation omitted). "This is true even though the suspicion aroused by the evidence is strong." Id. (internal citation omitted).

We address defendant's argument regarding the sufficiency of the evidence on his marijuana conviction first. North Carolina Courts have not previously addressed whether a positive urine test for controlled substances, standing alone, supports a conviction for possession. Defendant was convicted of possession of less than one-half ounce of marijuana. N.C. Gen.Stat. 90-95(a)(3) & (d)(4) (2004). "An accused has possession of a controlled substance within the meaning of the law when he has both the power and intent to control its disposition or use." State v. Matias, 143 N.C.App. 445, 448, 550 S.E.2d 1, 3 (2001). "Necessarily, power and intent to control the controlled substance can exist only when one is aware of its presence." Id.

We note that although we are not bound by cases from other jurisdictions, the majority of courts that have confronted this issue have held that a positive drug test alone cannot support a conviction for possession.¹ Because we have no authority either way in North Carolina, we cite to many of these cases. United States v. Reichenbach, 29 M.J. 128, 138 (C.M.A.1989) (discovery of drug in person's blood insufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, because insufficient proof of knowledgeable possession); State v. Thronsen, 809 P.2d 941, 943 (Alaska Ct.App.1991) (positive drug test could not sustain conviction for cocaine possession because defendant ceased having control of it once it entered his body); People v. Spann, 187 Cal.App.3d 400, 232 Cal. Rptr. 31, 33-35 (1986) (crimes of "use" and "possession" should not be merged); State v. Vorm, 570 N.E.2d 109, 111 (Ind.Ct.App.1991) (positive drug test alone fails to prove defendant knowingly and voluntarily possessed cocaine); State v. Flinchpaugh, 232 Kan. 831, 659 P.2d 208, 211 (1983) (once drug is in a person's blood, he no longer controls it, and positive drug test alone is insufficient to establish knowledge because it could have been ingested involuntarily or by trick); State v. Lewis, 394 N.W.2d 212, 217 (Minn.Ct.App. 1986) ("evidence of a controlled substance in a person's urine specimen does not establish possession ... absent probative corroborating evidence of actual physical possession"); In re R.L.H., 327 Mont. 520, 116 P.3d 791, 795-96 (2005) (presence of drug in body insufficient evidence that such drug was knowingly and voluntarily ingested); State v. McCoy, 116 N.M. 491, 864 P.2d 307, 313 (1993) (positive drug test alone insufficient to prove knowledge and intent to possess controlled substance); Jackson v. State, 833 S.W.2d 220, 223 (Tex.App.1992) ("[t]he results of a test for drugs in bodily fluids does not satisfy the elements of the offense of possession of...