State v. Higginbotham
| Decision Date | 18 July 1984 |
| Docket Number | No. 83-1090,83-1090 |
| Parties | STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Randy HIGGINBOTHAM, Appellant. |
| Court | Iowa Supreme Court |
F.J. Kraschel of Kraschel & Comes, Council Bluffs, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Atty. Gen., Roxann M. Ryan, Asst. Atty. Gen., David Richter, County Atty., and E.A. Westfall, Asst. County Atty., for appellee.
Considered by REYNOLDSON, C.J., and UHLENHOPP, HARRIS, McGIVERIN, and CARTER, JJ.
This direct appeal from sentence following a guilty plea to second-degree murder challenges the adequacy of defendant's guilty plea proceeding. We affirm.
According to the minutes attached to the trial information, defendant killed his two-year old stepdaughter. At the guilty plea hearing defendant gave his version. He said he "was trying to keep her active because she was running a fever, for a couple of days so we were playing with her dolls and stuff and she had struck me with a toy and, out of reflex, I pushed her and she hit the closet door and that's when she resulted in death."
The minutes indicated there was a three and one-half inch round indentation in a closet door in the child's room. The surface of the door consisted of mahogany plywood that was one-eighth inch thick. The indentation was splintered and had several strands of blonde hair in it. The hair was similar to the child's.
The officer and physicians who later examined the child were expected to testify. They observed bruises of varying ages on the child's head, ear, face, cheeks, neck, and back. The State's pathologist, who conducted the autopsy, was expected to describe multiple contusions and petechiae involving the face, forehead, neck, and back, and of extensive hemorrhages in various parts of the child's brain. Other testimony would have established the existence of bruises on the child during the months preceding her death.
I. There is not a shadow of a doubt concerning the adequacy of a factual basis for the plea, under the foregoing. We give no further consideration to an assignment which challenges the factual basis. See State v. Johnson, 234 N.W.2d 878, 879 (Iowa 1979).
II. A plea must be voluntarily and intelligently made. In State v. Boone, 298 N.W.2d 335, 337 (Iowa 1980), we explained:
If a defendant's guilty plea is not equally voluntary and knowing, it has been obtained in violation of constitutional guarantees of due process and it is therefore void. [Authority.] The defendant must have a full understanding of the consequences of a plea before constitutional rights can be waived knowingly and intelligently. [Authority.]
We have also stated as a separate requirement that there be compliance with Iowa rule of criminal procedure 8(2)(b) through (d). Compliance with the rule:
"is intended to produce a complete record at the time the plea is entered of the factors relevant to [the] voluntariness determination [and to] discourage, or at least to enable more expeditious disposition of ... attacks on the constitutional validity of guilty pleas."
See State v. Sisco, 169 N.W.2d 542, 545-46 (Iowa 1969) (quoting McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 465, 89 S.Ct. 1166, 1170, 22 L.Ed.2d 418, 424-25 (1969)).
Defendant argues he did not sufficiently understand the plea he entered and that there was no showing of such understanding as required by the rule. He points especially to his lack of understanding of "malice aforethought." In the plea hearing the following occurred [The Court]: The elements of this charge are that you did strike, in this case a victim whose name is Leanna Roan. That the said Leanna Roan died as a result of being struck. That your acts, and that you did the striking with malice aforethought, and that your acts were not justified. Do you understand that?
[The Defendant]: What do you mean aforethought?
[The Court]: Let the county attorney explain it.
[Assistant County Attorney]: Malice aforethought would be ill will, spite, hatred, or it can be expressed or implied by the actions implied would be the actions that you took against Leanna.
[The Defendant]: I don't understand this.
[The Court]: Well, I'll give you an opportunity to talk to your attorney and consult if you wish.
[Defense Counsel]: We've talked about it before. Do you want to talk about it some more?
[The Defendant]: If you don't mind.
[The Court]: Okay. You can step over and discuss it.
(Whereupon defendant and his attorney have a discussion off the record.)
[Defense Counsel]: Do you think you now understand what the judge has told you?
[The Defendant]: Yes, and you want me to plead guilty to it?
[The Court]: I don't want you to plead guilty to it.
[The Defendant]: That's what you are asking me.
[The Court]: I'm telling you these elements that I just went over, like that you did strike the child, and all of these are the things that the State has to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, in order to convict you. In other words, these are the elements of the crime.
[The Defendant]: Yes, sir.
[The Court]: I'm telling you that this is what the State has to establish in order to convict you if you are tried, either to the court or to the jury. Now, do you understand what I mean?
[The Defendant]: Yes, sir.
[The Court]: Do you now understand the elements that I have just gone over?
[The Defendant]: Yes, sir.
[The Court]: Do you have any questions at all about any of these elements?
[The Defendant]: No, sir.
[The Court]: The State has to prove that you intended to do all these things. Do you understand that?
[The Defendant]: Yes, sir.
Contrary to defendant's contention, we think sufficient intelligence and understanding were demonstrated under the circumstances here. This is not to suggest that we are satisfied with the record explanation of malice aforethought. Certainly, the prosecutor's definition did not suffice. See State v. McCollom, 260 Iowa 977, 988, 151 N.W.2d 519, 525 (1967) (). In State v. Sharpe, 304 N.W.2d 220, 226 (Iowa 1981), we defined malice aforethought as being:
[a] fixed purpose or design to do some physical harm to another which exists prior to the act committed. It need not exist for any particular length of time and requires only such deliberation as would make a person appreciate and...
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