State v. Howell

• Decision Date: 21 September 2004
• Docket Number: No. WD 62226.,WD 62226.
• Citation: 143 S.W.3d 747
• Court: Missouri Court of Appeals
• Parties: STATE of Missouri, Respondent, v. Tony L. HOWELL, Appellant.

143 S.W.3d 747

STATE of Missouri, Respondent, v. Tony L. HOWELL, Appellant.

No. WD 62226.

Missouri Court of Appeals, Western District.

September 21, 2004.

Appeal from the Circuit Court, Randolph County, Ralph Jaynes, J Thomas J. Marshall, Moberly, MO, for appellant.

Michael D. Fusselman, Moberly, MO, for respondent.

Before ELLIS, C.J., LOWENSTEIN, ULRICH, BRECKENRIDGE, SPINDEN, SMART, EDWIN H. SMITH, HOWARD, NEWTON, HOLLIGER and HARDWICK, JJ.

PATRICIA BRECKENRIDGE, Judge.

Tony L. Howell appeals his conviction of the class A misdemeanor of domestic assault in the third degree, under section 565.074, RSMo 2000.¹ In his first point, Mr. Howell claims that the trial court erred in allowing testimony from a police officer as to his relationship with the victim because the officer's testimony was without foundation. In his second point, Mr. Howell claims that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for acquittal because there was no evidence that any action he committed caused the victim physical injury. Because this court finds that the officer's testimony was properly admitted and the evidence was sufficient to show that Mr. Howell's conduct caused the victim's injury to her neck, the judgment is affirmed.

Factual and Procedural Background

On the night of December 8, 2001, Officer Brashear, of the Moberly Police Department, responded to a call regarding a possible disturbance at the victim's apartment. As Officer Brashear approached the apartment, he heard a man screaming and yelling inside. Officer Brashear could see inside the front window of the apartment. He saw the victim sitting on a couch directly in front of the window. Mr. Howell was standing in front of the couch, a little more than an arm's reach in front of the victim. Mr. Howell was yelling at the victim and appeared to be angry with her.

Officer Brashear next saw Mr. Howell reach down, grab the victim by either her neck, the shirt collar around her neck, or both her neck and her shirt collar, jerk her up off of the couch, and hold her in front of his face. After yelling something in her face, he threw her back down on the couch. He then reached down a second time and grabbed her again by either her neck, the shirt collar around her neck, or both. Upon observing this, Officer Brashear feared for the victim's safety, so he entered the apartment.

As Officer Brashear went into the apartment, the victim looked at him with a look of fear in her face. Officer Brashear noticed that she had been crying. Officer Brashear also noticed that the victim had a fresh split to her bottom lip, with fresh blood on it, and that she had some redness and bruising around her neck. Officer Brashear arrested Mr. Howell for domestic assault. The victim permitted Officer Brashear to photograph her injuries. He took two pictures of her split lip and her neck.

Mr. Howell was charged with the class C felony of domestic assault in the second degree, under section 565.073. A bench trial was held. Officer Brashear testified for the State, and the State offered the two photographs Officer Brashear took of the victim after the incident. The court found Mr. Howell guilty of the class A misdemeanor of domestic assault in the third degree, under section 565.074, and sentenced him to one year in jail. Mr. Howell appeals.

No Error in Admitting Relationship Testimony

In his first point, Mr. Howell claims that the trial court erred in overruling his objection to Officer Brashear's testimony regarding Mr. Howell's relationship with the victim because the State did not lay a proper foundation for the testimony. Specifically, Officer Brashear testified that it was his opinion that Mr. Howell and the victim were dating. Mr. Howell claims that Officer Brashear's testimony was without foundation because the State failed to provide any evidence or testimony concerning how Officer Brashear came to this opinion, other than Officer Brashear's testimony that Mr. Howell had told him that he was dating the victim. Mr. Howell claims that his extrajudicial statements were insufficient to prove that a relationship existed between him and the victim.

The trial court found Mr. Howell guilty of domestic assault in the third degree, under section 565.074. This statute provides, in pertinent part:

A person commits the crime of domestic assault in the third degree if the act involves a family or household member or an adult who is or has been in a continuing social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the actor, as defined in section 455.010, RSMo, and:

(1) The person attempts to cause or recklessly causes physical injury to such family or household member[.]

Section 565.074.1. In this point, Mr. Howell argues that the State failed to prove that he was in or had been in a continuing social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the victim or that they were family or household members. He asserts that the only evidence the State offered to prove this element was Officer Brashear's opinion that Mr. Howell and the victim had been in a relationship in the past and that they resided together. Mr. Howell claims that the State failed to provide any foundation for how Officer Brashear came to such an opinion.

"Trial courts have broad discretion in deciding the admissibility of evidence." State v. Mason, 95 S.W.3d 206, 211 (Mo.App.2003). A reviewing court upholds the trial court's determination of admissibility unless the trial court clearly abused its discretion and prejudice resulted. Id. As a rule, "`[t]he testimony of a witness must be based upon [personal] knowledge.'" Francis v. Richardson, 978 S.W.2d 70, 73 (Mo.App.1998) (quoting Cummings v. Tepsco Tenn. Pipe & Supply Corp., 632 S.W.2d 498, 500 (Mo.App.1982)). "If the testimony of a witness, read as a whole, conclusively demonstrates that whatever he may have said with respect to the issue under investigation was a mere guess on his part..., his testimony on the issue cannot be regarded as having any probative value." Cummings, 632 S.W.2d at 500. However, "`[a]n opinion, when not a mere guess or conjecture, but an inference drawn by one of requisite experiential capacity from adequate data, is evidence.'" State v. West, 766 S.W.2d 103, 109 (Mo.App.1989) (quoting 4 WIGMORE ON EVIDENCE (2d ed.) pp. 100-25).

The State offered Officer Brashear's testimony that Mr. Howell and the victim were in a dating relationship to prove this element of the offense. Officer Brashear testified that he had encountered both the victim and Mr. Howell at the victim's residence upon several dispatches to the victim's current and previous residences. The evidence established that, at a minimum, Officer Brashear saw Mr. Howell and the victim together at her residence on several occasions.² Officer Brashear further testified that he had observed Mr. Howell sleeping at the victim's current and previous residences and that Mr. Howell kept some of his possessions at both residences. Evidence of what Officer Brashear personally observed to be the relationship between Mr. Howell and the victim on several occasions was admissible because Officer Brashear was testifying based upon his own knowledge and experience.

Officer Brashear also testified that Mr. Howell had told him that he was having a relationship with the victim. A witness's testimony to an out-of-court statement of another that is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement is generally excluded as hearsay. State v. Mozee, 112 S.W.3d 102, 107 (Mo.App.2003). The admission of a party opponent, however, is not hearsay. State v. Gilmore, 22 S.W.3d 712, 718 (Mo.App.1999). All that is required for the admission of a party opponent to be admitted into evidence is that "`the statements must be material to the issues of the case, must have sufficient probative value to be relevant, and must be offered by the opposing party.'" Id. (quoting State v. Brown, 833 S.W.2d 436, 439 (Mo.App.1992)).

The statement in this case, which was offered by the State, was Mr. Howell's statement to Officer Brashear in which Mr. Howell voluntarily acknowledged that he was in a dating relationship with the victim. This statement was probative on the disputed issue of whether Mr. Howell was, in fact, having a social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the victim. This issue was material, as it is an element of domestic assault in the third degree.

Mr. Howell claims that the State had the burden of proving each element of domestic assault in the third degree without relying on his extrajudicial admissions, statements, or confessions. He cites City of Albany v. Crawford, 979 S.W.2d 574, 575 (Mo.App.1998), in support of this proposition. Mr. Howell misconstrues City of Albany. In that case, this court held that the State failed to prove an essential element of the offense charged because the only evidence offered was the officer's testimony as to the defendant's extrajudicial statements. Id. The difference between City of Albany and this case is that the State did not rely solely on Mr. Howell's extrajudicial statements. Rather, the State also offered as evidence Officer Brashear's testimony based upon his personal observation of the relationship between Mr. Howell and the victim.

The trial court did not err in allowing Officer Brashear to testify regarding his personal observations that Mr. Howell and the victim were together at both the victim's current and former residences, Mr. Howell slept at both residences, and some of his belongings were kept at each residence. Officer Brashear's observations, coupled with Mr. Howell's admission that he and the victim were dating, were sufficient evidence from which the trial court could reasonably find that the victim and Mr. Howell were in a continuing social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature. Mr. Howell's first point is denied.

Sufficient Evidence of Causation

In his second point, Mr. Howell argues that the trial...