State v. Jolley

• Decision Date: 06 November 1984
• Docket Number: No. 237A84,237A84
• Citation: 321 S.E.2d 883,312 N.C. 296
• Parties: STATE of North Carolina v. Hazel Mae JOLLEY.
• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court

Page 883

321 S.E.2d 883

312 N.C. 296

STATE of North Carolina v. Hazel Mae JOLLEY.

No. 237A84.

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

Nov. 6, 1984.

Rufus L. Edmisten, Atty. Gen. by Roy A. Giles, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Raleigh, for the State.

Walter H. Dalton, Rutherfordton, for defendant.

MARTIN, Justice.

The sole issue in this appeal is whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the rifle transported to the Rutherford County Jail by Major Philbeck was improperly admitted into evidence at trial. We hold that the Court of Appeals did so err, and thus we reverse.

As the opinion of the Court of Appeals notes, on 20 April 1983 defendant filed a motion to suppress the .22-caliber rifle and any test results from the gun. The basis of this motion was stated as follows:

Its exclusion is required by the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of North Carolina in that it resulted from an unreasonable search and seizure and in addition, it was obtained as a result of a substantial violation of the provisions of Chapter 15A of the General Statutes in that the sworn testimony of the officers involved at the probable cause hearing clearly show that the defendant was arrested at her home on December 28, 1982 and was taken to the Rutherford County Jail; thereafter, other officers proceeded to her residence without the authority of a search warrant and under no recognized exception to the requirement of a search warrant and entered the defendant's premises without the consent of the defendant and without her being present and in violation of law and thereafter, seized the .22 rifle, J.C. Higgins model, which the defendant now seeks to suppress, together with any test results relating to said rifle; that said intrusion into the defendant's home without the authority of a search warrant was unlawful and a substantial violation of her rights and in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and in violation of Chapter 15A of the North Carolina General Statutes.

After a hearing the trial court made the following findings of fact:

That on December 28, 1982 at 3:00 p.m., Deputy Michael Summers of the Rutherford County Sheriff's Department went to the home of John Preston Jolley and Hazel Mae Jolley to investigate a possible shooting; that he found John Jolley in the den on the floor and EMT personnel were working on him.

That he saw a .22 rifle in a chair in the den area.

That the Defendant, Hazel Mae Jolley, was in the kitchen area in a squatting position.

That Summers asked her to sit in the patrol car, that he thought getting her out of the house would help her emotional state, that he thereafter helped rope the area off to secure the scene, that he spoke with the defendant in his patrol [car] and advised her of her rights, on a form used by the Rutherford County Sheriff's Department.

....

That Detective David Philbeck had arrived at the Jolley residence about five minutes after 3:00, and Summers turned control of the premises over to him.

That Philbeck went inside the residence where he made photographs, seized the rifle, spent cartridges, a lead fragment, made a diagram, and visually observed the premises.

The trial court then denied defendant's motion to suppress the gun and test results.

The Court of Appeals held that Philbeck had conducted a warrantless search not justified under either the consent to search or exigent circumstances exceptions to the warrant requirement of the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution. See, e.g., Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978). Therefore the Court of Appeals concluded that his removal of the gun was an illegal seizure and the gun and test results from it should not have been permitted into evidence. ²

While the Court of Appeals' discussion of the two exceptions to the warrant requirement is interesting, it is irrelevant to the present set of facts. The Court of Appeals erred in failing to focus upon the key issue in the case: at what point was the rifle in question seized within the meaning of the fourth amendment?

We hold that when a law enforcement officer enters private premises in response to a call for help and thereby comes upon what reasonably appears to be the scene of a crime, and secures the crime scene from persons other than law enforcement officers by appropriate means, all property within the crime scene in plain view which the officer has probable cause to associate with criminal activity is thereby lawfully seized within the meaning of the fourth amendment. Officers arriving at the crime scene thereafter and while it is still secured can examine and remove property in plain view without a search warrant. As the Supreme Court of the United States observed in Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 392-93, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 2413, 57 L.Ed.2d 290, 300:

We do not question the right of the police to respond to emergency situations. Numerous state and federal cases have recognized that the Fourth Amendment does not bar police officers from making warrantless entries and searches when they reasonably believe that a person within is in need of immediate aid.... And the police may seize any evidence that is in plain view during the course of their legitimate emergency activities.

(Citations and footnotes omitted.) Accord Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 739, 103 S.Ct. 1535, 1541, 75 L.Ed.2d 502, 512 (1983) ("[I]f, while lawfully engaged in an activity in a particular place, police officers perceive a suspicious object, they may seize it immediately."). The present case is also similar to State v. Robbins, 275 N.C. 537, 545, 169 S.E.2d 858, 863 (1969), in which this Court stated:

In the instant case the officer was not engaged in a search for evidence to be used in a criminal prosecution. He entered defendant's dwelling at the request of defendant's brothers, who were very apprehensive and worried about defendant. Under the present law the officer would not have had any basis to request a search warrant since he could not allege a particular object which he sought. State v. Bullard, 267 N.C. 599, 148 S.E.2d 565. He was simply lending the strong arm of the law to a distressed family who feared that harm had come to their brother and sister-in-law. The officer's presence was lawful and his testimony as to things in plain view was properly admitted into evidence.

See also Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, ----, 103 S.Ct. 3319, 3324, 77 L.Ed.2d 1003, 1010 (1983) ("[O]nce police are lawfully in a position to observe an item first-hand, its owner's privacy interest in that item is lost ...."). Cf. United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. ----, ----, 104 S.Ct. 1652, 1660, 80 L.Ed.2d 85, 98 (1984) ("The agent's viewing of what a private party had freely made available for his inspection did not violate the Fourth Amendment."); Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351, 88 S.Ct. 507, 511, 19 L.Ed.2d 576, 582 (1967) ("What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home ... is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection."). See Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion).

This holding is in accord with the following post-Mincey cases: People v. Harding, 620 P.2d 245 (1980) (blood-stained wallpaper and blood-stained housecoat properly seized as evidence "in plain view"); Wooton v. State, 398 So.2d 963 (Fla.App.1981) (stressing seizure was of "items of evidence which were in plain view" and that there "was no inspection of drawers or closets"); Grant v. State, 374 So.2d 630 (Fla.App.1979) (weapons in plain view near body); State v. Johnson, 413 A.2d 931, 934 (Me.1980), appeal after remand, 434 A.2d 532 (Me.1981) (police who initially entered secured the premises and then waited outside until medical examiner and lab technician arrived, and then all entered; held, this a permissible reentry; "the police conducted a very limited search, seizing only items that were in plain view"); State v. Anderson, 42 Or.App. 29, 599 P.2d 1225 ...