State v. Lewis
| Decision Date | 21 May 1990 |
| Docket Number | No. 22785-8-I,22785-8-I |
| Citation | 791 P.2d 250,57 Wn.App. 921 |
| Parties | STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Dianna Lyne LEWIS, Appellant. |
| Court | Washington Court of Appeals |
Anna-Mari Sarkanen, WADA, for appellant.
Dean S. Lum, King County Deputy Prosecutor, for respondent.
Dianna Lewis appeals a portion of a restitution order requiring her to reimburse an insurance company for future earnings losses of a deceased victim and to compensate a surviving injured victim for future retirement income losses due to his use of sick leave. We reverse the portion of the order appealed, and remand for further proceedings.
Lewis entered an Alford 1 plea to one count of vehicular homicide. As a part of her plea agreement, Lewis conceded the following as "real facts":
[T]he defendant's vehicle struck another vehicle, killing Diane Marie Primacio; the driver of the other vehicle, Richard Primacio, also suffered significant injuries.
Lewis also agreed to pay restitution, as follows: 1) "burial costs, other incidental damages arising out of the death of Diane Primacio"; and 2) "for injuries to Richard Primacio (medical costs, etc.)".
As one item of restitution, the trial court ordered that Lewis reimburse Transamerica Life Insurance Company for $50,000 it paid to the estate of Mrs. Primacio, apparently as future earnings losses. The court also ordered Lewis to pay $2,640 to Richard Primacio to compensate him for use of 1,015 hours of sick leave. By the court's calculations, Primacio's future retirement pay will be reduced by $264 per year for 10 years because of his use of sick leave after the accident.
We address two issues: first, whether restitution may include a homicide victim's future earnings losses, and, second, whether restitution may include future retirement income losses resulting from an injured victim's use of sick leave.
RCW 9.94A.142 states in pertinent part:
(1) When restitution is ordered, the court shall determine the amount of restitution due at the sentencing hearing or within sixty days and shall set the terms and conditions under which the defendant shall make restitution. Restitution ordered by a court pursuant to a criminal conviction shall be based on easily ascertainable damages for injury to or loss of property, actual expenses incurred for treatment for injury to persons, and lost wages resulting from injury. Restitution shall not include reimbursement for damages for mental anguish, pain and suffering, or other intangible losses, but may include the costs of counseling reasonably related to the offense....
(2) Restitution shall be ordered whenever the offender is convicted of an offense which results in injury to any person or damage to or loss of property unless extraordinary circumstances exist which make restitution inappropriate in the court's judgment and the court sets forth such circumstances in the record....
(Emphasis added.) Lewis contends that future earnings losses of a deceased victim cannot be classified under the statute as "lost wages resulting from injury" and that they are too speculative in nature to qualify as "easily ascertainable damages". We agree.
While the decision to impose restitution is one within the trial court's discretion, the power to impose restitution derives entirely from the statute. See State v. Nelson, 53 Wash.App. 128, 138, 766 P.2d 471 (1988). In State v. Mark, 36 Wash.App. 428, 433, 675 P.2d 1250 (1984), the court stated:
Though ... there is a broad rehabilitative purpose to the restitution requirement, restitution must conform to the statutory language. It is for the Legislature to define the authority within which the trial court's discretion will be exercised in imposing restitution....
If the statutory provisions are not followed, the action of the trial court is void. State v. Goodrich, 47 Wash.App. 114, 116, 733 P.2d 1000 (1987).
We are not persuaded that future earnings losses classify either as "easily ascertainable damages" or as "lost wages resulting from injury." See RCW 9.94A.142(1). The facts here aptly illustrate the complexity involved in calculating future earnings losses. At the time of her death, the victim was 42 years old and earning $30,000. In the civil context, many variables would appropriately factor into the determination of Mrs. Primacio's "lost future earnings". The court would consider evidence of Mrs. Primacio's health, life expectancy, job security, possibilities for advancement, and the appropriate discount and inflation factors for determining the present value of the future wages. Such evidence is normally the subject of extensive expert testimony in civil damage actions, and the final decision is a judgment call, often difficult to make. Such a determination is hardly "easily ascertainable". Moreover, our criminal process is ill-equipped for such a task: criminal trial counsel are usually unfamiliar with civil damage concepts, and criminal dockets are already overburdened.
While no Washington cases have directly addressed this issue, 2 we find the reasoning of the Oregon Supreme Court persuasive. In State v. Stalheim, 275 Or. 683, 552 P.2d 829, 831, 79 A.L.R.3d 969 (1976), the defendant was convicted of criminally negligent homicide and ordered to pay $2,500 restitution to a survivor as compensation for loss of his family. 552 P.2d at 830. No hearing was held to determine the amount of the survivor's loss; the trial court simply accepted the amount of restitution suggested by the survivor's attorney. The Oregon Supreme Court found that the restitution was improperly imposed. It stated:
If the statute is interpreted broadly as to permit the imposition of unliquidated damages, thus including such losses as pain and suffering, decreased earning capacity, loss of consortium and the like, the trial judge will be forced to make evaluations of losses usually reserved to civil juries. In the usual case, the trial judge will not have the benefit of pleadings which frame the issues nor the testimony of witnesses to develop evidence relevant to the loss resulting from the defendant's wrongdoing. Thus, the trial judge is left in the difficult if not impossible position of having to assign a value to a loss he knows little about.... [W]e find it highly inappropriate to assign this task to a judge presiding over a criminal trial.
(Footnotes omitted.) Stalheim, 552 P.2d at 831. The Oregon Legislature later codified part of the Stalheim...
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