State v. McCullough

• Decision Date: 23 January 1974
• Citation: 784 P.2d 566,56 Wn.App. 655
• Parties: STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Jason B. McCULLOUGH, B.D
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 655

56 Wn.App. 655

784 P.2d 566

STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Jason B. McCULLOUGH, B.D. 1/23/74, Appellant.

No. 22826-9-I.

Court of Appeals of Washington,

Division 1.

Jan. 16, 1990.

Eric J. Nielsen, Washington Appellate Defender, Seattle, for appellant.

Ruth E. Reukauf, King County Deputy Pros. Atty., Seattle, for respondent.

WINSOR, Judge.

Jason B. McCullough appeals from an order of disposition for second degree burglary. We affirm.

During the night of February 16-17, 1988, a theft of approximately $250 occurred at Tony Park's pizza parlor. Based on information from his employees, Park concluded that McCullough was the probable burglar.

McCullough, who was then 14 years old, regularly patronized Park's pizza parlor. Two days after the break-in, he came to the premises. Park confronted McCullough and accused him of taking the money. According to Park, McCullough confessed and made other inculpatory statements. Park reported McCullough to the police. McCullough was charged in juvenile court with committing second degree burglary.

Park testified at the fact finding hearing. He admitted that he became angry during his confrontation with McCullough, and grabbed McCullough by the shirt, swore at him, and hit an object with his fist. Our review of the record indicates that it is at least arguable that this use of force caused McCullough to confess.

After Park's testimony and at the close of the State's case, McCullough moved to have the charge dropped, arguing [t]here's been no physical evidence presented at this point. The only evidence that can be argued that goes against Mr. McCullough is this alleged confession that took place under a physically abusive circumstance which Mr. Park fully admits to, making that whole incident highly unreliable.... Anything that [may be] said just cannot be considered reliable enough to base a conviction on and to be enough to convict a person beyond a reasonable doubt.

The court denied McCullough's motion. McCullough then testified. He denied committing the burglary and denied confessing to Park.

The trial court treated the case as resting on credibility issues, and entered a finding that McCullough was not credible. The court also found that McCullough confessed to Park, and that he was guilty as charged.

On appeal, McCullough asserts that the trial court committed reversible error by admitting Park's testimony about McCullough's confession. He contends that the confession was involuntary, and that its admission into evidence therefore violated his due process rights. McCullough did not raise this issue at trial. ¹

As a general rule, appellate courts will not entertain issues not raised in the trial court. RAP 2.5(a). An exception to this rule is recognized for "manifest error affecting a constitutional right." RAP 2.5(a)(3). The exception applies only to errors that truly are of constitutional magnitude. State v. Scott, 110 Wash.2d 682, 688, 757 P.2d 492 (1988). If this requirement is not satisfied, we may refuse review. Scott, at 688, 757 P.2d 492.

Clearly, this case does not involve an error of constitutional magnitude under federal law. In Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 107 S.Ct. 515, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986), the Court addressed whether a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment occurs when evidence is admitted of a confession allegedly made involuntary by defendant's psychosis. The Court held that no violation occurs, and explained:

Respondent would now have us require sweeping inquiries into the state of mind of a criminal defendant who has confessed, inquiries quite divorced from any coercion brought to bear on the defendant by the State. We think the Constitution rightly leaves this sort of inquiry to be resolved by state laws governing the admission of evidence and erects no standard of its own in this area. A statement rendered by one in the condition of respondent might be proved to be quite unreliable, but this is a matter to be governed by the evidentiary laws of the forum, see, e.g., Fed. Rule Evid. 601, and not by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. "The aim of the requirement of due process is not to exclude presumptively false evidence, but to prevent fundamental unfairness in the use of evidence, whether true or false." Lisenba v. California, 314 U.S. 219, 236 [62 S.Ct. 280, 290, 86 L.Ed. 166] (1941).

We hold that coercive police activity is a necessary predicate to the finding that a confession is not "voluntary" within the meaning of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

479 U.S. at 166-67, 107 S.Ct. at 522; accord, Darghty v. State, 530 So.2d 27, 31 (Miss.1988) (confession resulting from coercion by defendant's wife admissible because private citizen's conduct "will not vitiate a confession which might be rendered incompetent and inadmissible if such conduct had been committed by a law enforcement officer").

Nor does this case involve constitutional error arising under the our state constitution's due process clause, Const. art. 1, § 3. The state bill of rights was adopted "to protect individuals against actions of the state." (Emphasis in original.) Southcenter Joint Venture v. National Democratic Policy Comm., 113 Wash.2d 413, 422-23, 780 P.2d 1282 (1989). Therefore, at least in the civil context, Washington has refused to find a violation of the state due process provision absent state action. E.g., Borg-Warner Acceptance Corp. v. Scott, 86 Wash.2d 276, 278, 543 P.2d 638 (1975). Indeed, it has been emphasized that the purpose of the due process clause is to protect individuals from the arbitrary exercise of governmental power. State v. Cater's Motor Freight Sys., Inc., 27 Wash.2d 661, 667, 179 P.2d 496 (1947). We see no reason to vary from this approach in a...