State v. Palmer

• Decision Date: 23 February 2009
• Docket Number: No. S08G1419.,S08G1419.
• Parties: The STATE v. PALMER.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

285 Ga. 75

673 S.E.2d 237

The STATE v. PALMER.

No. S08G1419.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

February 23, 2009.

Paul L. Howard, Jr., District Attorney, Bettieanne C. Hart, Marc A. Mallon, Assistant District Attorneys, for appellant.

Thomas J. Ford III, Alpharetta, for appellee.

THOMPSON, Justice.

The State appealed to the Court of Appeals from the trial court's grant of David Palmer's motion to suppress evidence seized from his home pursuant to a warrant. See OCGA § 5-7-1(a)(4). A majority of the Court of Appeals affirmed. State v. Palmer, 291 Ga.App. 157, 661 S.E.2d 146 (2008). We granted the State's petition for writ of certiorari to consider whether the Court of Appeals erred in failing to accord proper deference to the magistrate's finding of probable cause. For the reasons that follow, we vacate the opinion of the Court of Appeals and remand for that court's reconsideration of the grant of the motion to suppress.

Officer Ries applied for a warrant to search Palmer's apartment to obtain evidence of illegal possession of cocaine. In support of his application, the officer provided the issuing magistrate with an affidavit swearing that he was advised by a "reliable" confidential informant (CI) that a violation of the Georgia Controlled Substances Act was taking place inside the apartment and he described a possible perpetrator as an African-American male thought to be the renter who goes by the name of "Pop" and "Cowboy" and who may be in a wheelchair. The affidavit further specified that Officer Ries and his partner, Officer Gonzalez, arranged for the CI to conduct a controlled purchase of crack cocaine from the apartment; the CI was searched for drugs prior to his entry into the apartment and was found to be "clean"; Officer Ries provided the CI with city-issued funds; Officer Gonzalez observed the CI approach Palmer's apartment, knock on the door and enter; the CI was in the apartment for approximately 30 seconds; and upon exiting the apartment, the CI turned over to Officer Ries a quantity of crack cocaine that he had purchased from a man in a wheelchair known as "Pop." Officer Ries further averred that the area in question is notorious for the sale, use and possession of illegal narcotics; that he had made numerous prior drug-related arrests from this location; and that he is aware of drug-related arrests made directly in front of the building for which the warrant is sought. Finally, Officer Ries averred that after the controlled buy, further surveillance of Palmer's residence was conducted during which officers observed several individuals enter, stay for less than one minute, and then leave the apartment complex; this led Officer Ries to believe that narcotics were being sold from that location. Based on the foregoing information, the magistrate issued a search warrant, which was executed the following day. As a result of the search, officers seized crack cocaine, marijuana, cash, electronic scales and small pink glassine bags from the apartment. Palmer was arrested and charged with trafficking in cocaine and misdemeanor possession of marijuana.

Palmer moved to suppress the evidence asserting that the affidavit represented the CI as "reliable," but contained no facts in support of that conclusion, and that, therefore, the warrant was invalid because the affidavit on which it was based was insufficient to establish probable cause. Following a hearing at which Officer Ries testified, the trial court denied the motion to suppress, stating merely:

The lack of evidence of the reliability of the informant does cause the court concern; however, as the evidence shows, the basis of the search was based on a controlled buy from the residence. The controlled buy does support the issuance of the warrant and causes this court to deny the motion to suppress.

Palmer moved for reconsideration. After hearing additional argument, the trial court reversed its initial ruling and granted the motion to suppress without explanation. A majority of the Court of Appeals affirmed after applying a deferential standard of review to the trial court's findings.

We begin by reiterating the standards applicable to the various levels of judicial scrutiny involved in the warrant process. A search warrant will only issue upon facts sufficient to show probable cause that a crime is being committed or has been committed. OCGA § 17-5-21(a).

The magistrate's task in determining if probable cause exists to issue a search warrant is simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the "veracity" and "basis of knowledge" of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.

(Punctuation omitted.) DeYoung v. State, 268 Ga. 780, 786-787(7), 493 S.E.2d 157 (1997), quoting State v. Stephens, 252 Ga. 181, 182, 311 S.E.2d 823 (1984).

The trial court may then examine the issue as a first level of review, guided by the Fourth Amendment's strong preference for searches conducted pursuant to a warrant, and the principle that substantial deference must be accorded a magistrate's decision to issue a search warrant based on a finding of probable cause. State v. Henderson, 271 Ga. 264(4), 517 S.E.2d 61 (1999).

A deferential standard of review is appropriate to further the Fourth Amendment's strong preference for searches conducted pursuant to a warrant. Although in a particular case it may not be easy to determine when an affidavit demonstrates the existence of probable cause, the resolution of doubtful or marginal cases in this area should be largely determined by the preference to be accorded to warrants.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 270, 517 S.E.2d 61.

Our appellate courts will review the search warrant to determine the existence of probable cause using the totality of the circumstances analysis set forth in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). Curry v. State, 255 Ga. 215(1), 336 S.E.2d 762 (1985). The duty of the appellate courts "is to determine if the magistrate had a `substantial basis' for concluding that probable cause existed to issue the search warrant[]." Sullivan v. State, 284 Ga. 358, 361, 667 S.E.2d 32 (2008). "[T]he Fourth Amendment requires no more." Gates, 462 U.S. at 236, 103 S.Ct. 2317. In reviewing the trial court's grant or denial of a motion to suppress, we apply the well-established principles that "the trial court's findings as to disputed facts will be upheld unless clearly erroneous and the trial court's application of the law to undisputed facts is subject to de novo review," Petty v. State, 283 Ga. 268, 269(2), 658 S.E.2d 599 (2008), keeping in mind that "[a] magistrate's decision to issue a search warrant based on a finding of probable cause is entitled to substantial deference by a reviewing court." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Sullivan, supra at 361, 667 S.E.2d 32. See also Fair v. State, 284 Ga. 165, 171(3)(b), 664 S.E.2d 227 (2008).

Although Palmer...