State v. Price

• Decision Date: 26 July 1988
• Docket Number: No. 13361,13361
• Citation: 544 A.2d 184,208 Conn. 387
• Parties: STATE of Connecticut v. Edmund J. PRICE.
• Court: Connecticut Supreme Court

Page 184

544 A.2d 184

208 Conn. 387

STATE of Connecticut v. Edmund J. PRICE.

No. 13361.

Supreme Court of Connecticut.

Argued June 2, 1988.

Decided July 26, 1988.

Albert S. Bill, Jr., with whom, on the brief, was Igor I. Sikorsky, Jr., Rocky Hill, for appellant (defendant).

Leon F. Dalbec, Jr., Deputy Asst. State's Atty., with whom, on the brief, was Michael Regan, Deputy Asst. State's Atty., for appellee (State).

Before PETERS, C.J., and ARTHUR H. HEALEY, SHEA, GLASS and HULL, JJ.

PETERS, Chief Justice.

The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether the constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy precluded the trial that led to the conviction of the defendant, Edmund J. Price, of the crime of larceny in the sixth degree, as defined in General Statutes § 53a-125b. ¹ We conclude that it did not, and therefore find no error.

The procedural history of the defendant's conviction is as follows. The defendant was arrested and charged with larceny in the sixth degree on April 13, 1987. A trial on this charge was originally scheduled for July 7, 1987, but it did not go forward on that day. After a jury had been selected, but before it had been sworn, the state informed the trial court, O'Connor, J., of the unavailability of one of the state's key witnesses. Further inquiry disclosed that a key witness for the defense was about to undergo surgery and would be unavailable either the following day or for a significant period of time thereafter.

To resolve the issues raised by the overlapping unavailability of these crucial witnesses, the defendant orally moved that the jury be called in and sworn, and that the case be dismissed if the state found itself unable to go forward. The trial court denied this motion. When the defendant thereafter declined the opportunity to present his defense out of sequence, in advance of the presentation of the state's case, the court, having attempted to set a date certain for trial to begin, dismissed the jury. The defendant took an exception to the court's refusal to grant his motion to dismiss the case and also noted his exception to the continuance to the date designated. The defendant did not, however, inform the court that a postponed trial might violate his constitutional rights with respect to double jeopardy.

On November 9, 1987, the defendant was tried and convicted on the larceny charge. At no time during this trial did the defendant raise a defense of double jeopardy. ²

In his appeal to this court, the defendant takes no issue with the conduct of the trial that led to his conviction except to maintain that it should not have been held at all. He relies on the provision of the fifth amendment to the United States constitution that declares: "nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." The guarantee against double jeopardy applies to state as well as to federal criminal proceedings. Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 2058, 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969). In our view, however, the defendant's conviction did not violate the constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy.

The defendant's invocation of the principles of double jeopardy faces two hurdles, one procedural and one substantive. As a matter of procedure, the question is whether the defendant has waived his constitutional claim of double jeopardy by his failure to raise this defense during the November 9, 1987 proceedings that led to his conviction. As a matter of substance, the question is whether the defendant was put into constitutional jeopardy by reason of the trial court proceedings of July 7, 1987, which were terminated before a jury had been sworn.

Whether a defendant may raise a defense of double jeopardy on appeal, when that issue was not raised at trial, is a question that this court addressed, and resolved against the defendant, in State v. Jones, 166 Conn. 620, 353 A.2d 764 (1974). There, as in this case, the defendant "proceeded to trial, verdict and judgment without raising [a double jeopardy] claim." Id., 630, 353 A.2d 764. We held that "in so doing he impliedly waived the defense of double jeopardy, and, therefore, that issue [was] not before us for determination on the merits." Id.

Our resolution of the issue of waiver in State v. Jones, supra, is in accord with the treatment of that issue in other jurisdictions. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has repeatedly held that "[t]he constitutional immunity from double jeopardy is a personal right which, if not affirmatively pleaded by the defendant at the time of trial, will be regarded as waived." United States v. Perez, 565 F.2d 1227, 1232 (2d Cir.1977); see also Paul v. Henderson, 698 F.2d 589, 592 (2d Cir.1983). Other federal courts have expressed the same opinion. United States v. Herzog, 644 F.2d 713, 716 (8th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 1018, 101 S.Ct. 3008, 69 L.Ed.2d 390 (1981); United States v. Scott, 464 F.2d 832, 833 (D.C.Cir.1972); United States v. Buonomo, 441 F.2d 922, 924-25 (7th Cir.1971), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 845, 92 S.Ct. 146, 30 L.Ed.2d 81 (1971). The Supreme Court of the United States has implied, in United States v. Dinitz, 424 U.S. 600, 609-10 n. 11, 96 S.Ct. 1075, 1081-81 n. 11, 47 L.Ed.2d 267 (1976), that the guarantee against double jeopardy is not one of those constitutional rights whose waiver must meet the knowing, intelligent and voluntary standard set forth in Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938). See C. Wright Federal Practice & Procedure: Criminal 2d (1982) § 193, pp. 705-706.

It is therefore exceedingly doubtful that the defendant's belated double jeopardy claim is properly before us at this time. Its substantive merits are, if anything, even more doubtful. For jury trials, the Supreme Court of the United States has consistently subscribed to "the proposition that jeopardy attaches when the jury is empaneled and sworn." Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28, 35, 98 S.Ct. 2156, 2161, 57 L.Ed.2d 24 (1978); see also Downum v. United States, 372 U.S. 734, 735-36, 83 S.Ct. 1033, 1034, 10 L.Ed.2d 100 (1963). Of necessity, our cases have adopted this federal standard for Connecticut criminal proceedings. See, e.g., State v. Van Sant, 198 Conn. 369, 376, 503 A.2d 557 (1986); State v. Curcio, 191 Conn. 27, 35, 463 A.2d 566 (1983); State v. Roy, 182 Conn. 382, 385-86, 438 A.2d 128 (1980). Until the jury is both impaneled and sworn, jeopardy has not attached. United States v. Fleming, 667 F.2d 440, 441 (4th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 959, 102 S.Ct. 1473, 71 L.Ed.2d 679 (1982); United States v. Lurz, 666 F.2d 69, 79 (4th Cir.1981), cert. denied sub nom. Magill v. United States, 455 U.S. 1005, 102 S.Ct. 1642, 71 L.Ed.2d 874 (1982); United States v. Garcia, 589 F.2d 249, 250-51 (5th Cir.1979), ...