State v. S & S Meats, Inc.
| Decision Date | 12 December 1979 |
| Docket Number | No. 78-629,78-629 |
| Citation | 284 N.W.2d 712,92 Wis.2d 64 |
| Parties | STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. S & S MEATS, INC., as owner of defendant vehicle, Appellant, One 1976 Plymouth Trail Duster Van, Identification # AAOBE6X16999, Wisconsin 1977 Registration Number CE5562, Its Tools and Appurtenances, Defendant. |
| Court | Wisconsin Court of Appeals |
Mussallem Law Offices, Madison, for appellant.
Bronson C. La Follette, Atty. Gen., and Pamela Magee-Heiprin, Asst. Atty. Gen., for plaintiff-respondent.
Before GARTZKE, P. J., and BABLITCH and DYKMAN, JJ.
This case involves the forfeiture of a vehicle allegedly used in illegal drug trafficking pursuant to the forfeiture provisions of sec. 161.55, Stats. The section is a part of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act. S & S Meats, Inc. (appellant), owner of the vehicle in question, appeals from a judgment of forfeiture entered by the circuit court for Dane County on July 27, 1977, and from an order of that court refusing to reopen the judgment entered on July 6, 1978.
On July 7, 1976 the vehicle in question, a 1976 Plymouth Trail Duster Van, was tailed by a surveillance team of the Madison Metro Narcotics Squad from Stoughton, Wisconsin to Rockton, Illinois. Surveillance stopped somewhere between Rockton and Rockford, Illinois at about 6:30 p. m. on that day. The Rockford authorities, who were apparently to have picked up the tail, were unable to locate the vehicle after surveillance was dropped by the Wisconsin authorities. At about 4:20 a. m. on the following morning, the van was stopped on its return to Stoughton and searched pursuant to a warrant. At that time the van was being driven by Duane Hestnes, who is the incorporator and registered agent of the appellant. A person identified as Glenn Broom was sitting in the passenger seat of the van.
In the console between the driver's seat and the passenger's seat police discovered: 13.3 grams of a substance thought to be heroin; about an ounce and a half of a substance believed to be hashish; about seven grams of a material believed to be marijuana; paraphernalia typically used to inject heroin, consisting of a jar of vaseline, a spoon that appeared to be burned, a nylon stocking and three hypodermic syringes; a .32 caliber gun; a .38 caliber revolver; ammunition for the .38 revolver. A single shell for the .32 was found on Hestnes' person. In Broom's wallet was found a packet containing about one-third of a gram of a substance believed to be heroin. In the glove compartment was found a baggy containing a hand-rolled cigarette.
Both men were arrested. This action for civil forfeiture of the van was commenced on July 21, 1976. The complaint alleges that the van was used on the date in question to transport drugs for the purpose of sale within the meaning of sec. 161.55(1)(d), Stats., which provides that a vehicle used to transport controlled substances "acquired in violation of this act" is subject to forfeiture. 1
Trial was held on March 16, 1977. An expert employed as a drug identification chemist at the Wisconsin State Crime Laboratory testified as to various tests which had been performed on the substances seized from the van. On the basis of those tests the witness concluded that the substance suspected of being heroin was heroin, and that the substances suspected to be marijuana and hashish, as well as the hand-rolled cigarette found in the glove compartment, all contained tetrahydrocannabinol, the active substance of marijuana and hashish. The expert testified that the active substance of heroin, diacetylmorphine, was present in the sample at 12.8% By weight.
Detective Frank McCoy testified that heroin was commonly sold in the Madison area with a percentage by weight of diacetylmorphine of about 5 percent, and that such heroin had a "street price" of $125 per gram. Marijuana sold at an average rate of $20 per ounce, and hashish at between $5 and $7 per gram, depending on the quality of the substances and the quantity in which they were purchased. The detective also testified that he knew Glenn Broom to have been a heroin user in the past but that he was not an addict at the time of arrest. He testified that he had examined Broom's arms at the time of arrest and that they showed no fresh needle marks, though they did reveal "some real old ones."
The trial court found to a reasonable certainty by the greater weight of the credible evidence 2 that one of the substances seized from the van was heroin. It inferred from the evidence as a whole that the heroin was being transported for purposes of sale in the Madison area. It noted that if the heroin in the form seized were "cut" to 5 percent diacetylmorphine, the street value of the quantity seized would have been worth $4,250. It rejected defense counsel's contention that the amount seized would last a heavy user but a short time, finding no evidence that either the driver or the passenger were addicts and, consequently, no evidence that the heroin was being transported for the personal use of either.
Subsequent to the entry of judgment of forfeiture, the appellant moved the trial court to reopen the judgment. Attached to the motion were a criminal complaint against Broom for possession of heroin arising out of his arrest on the morning of the incident in question, and a copy of a police officer's report concerning the booking of both Broom and Hestnes on that morning. Both the complaint and the report allege that Broom told officers on that night that he was a junkie and that he had hepatitis, and also that he showed them a bandage and needle marks on his arm. The trial court denied the motion, indicating that it was more impressed with that part of the report which read: "During incarceration Hestnes told me that he had been trying to get out of this business, and bought a house in Marshfield and was (sic) just wasn't quick enough in getting out of the business."
The following issues are raised on this appeal:
I. Whether the state must prove that a controlled substance was acquired in Wisconsin, as well as transported in Wisconsin, in order to justify forfeiture of the transporting vehicle within the meaning of the statute.
II. Whether the trial court's finding that the substance was being transported for sale is against the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence.
III. Whether the trial court's finding that the substance was heroin is against the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence.
Section 161.55, Stats., provides, in relevant part, as follows:
(1) The following are subject to forfeiture:
(a) All controlled substances which have been manufactured, distributed, dispensed Or acquired in violation of this chapter ;
(b) All raw materials, products and equipment of any kind which are used, or intended for use, in manufacturing, compounding, processing, delivering, importing or exporting any controlled substance in violation of this chapter;
(d) All Vehicles . . . which are Used, or intended for use, To transport, or in any manner to facilitate the transportation, For the purpose of sale or receipt of Property described in pars. (a) and (b), . . . . (Emphasis supplied).
The appellant contends that the evidence shows that the substances seized were probably "acquired" in Illinois. Consequently, it reasons, they cannot have been "acquired in violation of" Wisconsin law, which is applicable only to acts taking place in Wisconsin. It therefore contends that the heroin seized from the van was not "property described in" subparagraph (a) of sec. 161.55(1) Stats., and the van cannot be subject to forfeiture.
This argument overlooks the legislative intent to prohibit drug trafficking in this state. Though this statute is penal in nature and must be strictly construed, 3 it is the duty of courts in construing statutes to search out the legislative purpose 4 and to identify the real wrong the legislature was attempting to remedy in enacting the statute. 5 The "literal meaning" approach to statutory construction cannot be used to avoid the obvious legislative purpose. 6
The manifest purpose of the forfeiture provision in the Controlled Substances Act is to deter drug trafficking by permitting confiscation of the means used to further activities proscribed by the act. The usual theory advanced in support of permitting confiscation of vehicles used to transport drugs is that it deprives drug traffickers of a means to commit subsequent illegal acts and deprives such persons of needed mobility. See Commissioner's Note to Uniform Controlled Substances Act, 9 U.L.A. sec. 505 at p. 338 (1973). This theory has been recognized, although its fairness was questioned, by the Wisconsin Supreme Court in State v. Rosen, 72 Wis.2d 200, 206, 240 N.W.2d 168 (1976). Whether the theory is borne out in practice, the underlying intent of the legislature cannot be ignored in construing the statute. 7
Section 161.55(1)(d), Stats., imposes a sanction on the act of transporting controlled substances, not on the act of acquiring them. Though the acquisition is not punishable under Wisconsin law if it did not occur in Wisconsin, the transportation of those substances in Wisconsin triggers the imposition of the forfeiture sanction, regardless of where the substances were acquired. A contrary holding would impose a burden on the state to prove in each case the source of any controlled substances found in the vehicles transporting them in this state. In most cases such proof would be impossible to obtain.
Such a construction would also work an absurd result. Vehicles transporting controlled substances acquired in Wisconsin would be subject to forfeiture, while vehicles transporting the same substances acquired a short distance across the state's borders would be free from...
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