State v. Snitkin

• Decision Date: 17 May 1984
• Docket Number: No. 8942,8942
• Citation: 67 Haw. 168,681 P.2d 980
• Court: Hawaii Supreme Court
• Parties: STATE of Hawaii, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Alan SNITKIN, Defendant-Appellee.

Page 980

681 P.2d 980

67 Haw. 168

STATE of Hawaii, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Alan SNITKIN, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 8942.

Supreme Court of Hawai'i.

May 17, 1984.

Syllabus by the Court

1. People normally possess an expectation of privacy in sealed containers but not in the airspace surrounding them; thus, a narcotics detection dog's sniff of a sealed container is not a Fourth Amendment search.

The State's use of a narcotics detection dog to identify rather than verify packages containing contraband does not convert the dog's sniff of the packages into a "search" of constitutional dimension.

A prior suspicion of a particular package is not an absolute prerequisite to the State's use of a narcotics detection dog to ascertain whether the package smells of contraband and therefore the State may use a dog to sniff all packages in the cargo room of a private mail carrier often utilized by drug traffickers.

2. The Fourth Amendment and Article I, section 7 of the Hawaii constitution are relevant to police use of narcotics detection dogs; this court will not countenance unreasonable or abusive uses of narcotics dogs.

The reasonableness of the State's use of a narcotics detection dog should be determined by balancing the State's interest in using the dog in the particular circumstances against the individual's interest in freedom from unreasonable government intrusions.

Where a narcotics detection dog's sniff of a package holding room posed little threat of harassment, intimidation, or embarrassment to senders or recipients, was not public, did not involve human confrontation, was carried out with much less discretion than could be accomplished by human officers, and did not detain the packages, the State's interest in detecting private mail drug traffic clearly outweighed any sender's or recipient's interest in the airspace around his or her package, and therefore the State's use of the dog to sniff the package holding area was reasonable.

3. Absent exigent circumstances, consent, or some other well established warrant exception, a valid search warrant is required to open private containers identified by a drug detection dog.

Lila B. LeDuc, Deputy Pros. Atty., Honolulu (Arthur E. Ross, Deputy Pros. Atty., Honolulu, on the reply brief), for plaintiff-appellant.

Christopher D. Ferrara, Honolulu (Robinson & Ferrara, Honolulu, of counsel), for defendant-appellee.

HAYASHI, Justice.

This case presents the question whether the police may use a trained narcotics detection dog to sniff all packages in a cargo holding room of a private mail carrier, known to drug enforcement officials as a high volume drug conduit, with the carrier's permission but without the permission of the senders or addressees. We hold the dog's sniff was not a search within the purview of the Fourth Amendment or Article I, section 7 of the Hawaii constitution. Moreover, we find the police action reasonable because the important government interest in detecting and preventing drug traffic via a known, high volume carrier outweighs the minimal individual interest in freedom from a narcotics dog's sniff of the packages.

On March 8, 1982, Canine Enforcement Officer Jerome Tomaino, a member of the United States Customs Service Drug Enforcement Agency (D.E.A.) Task Force assigned to Honolulu International Airport, brought his dog "Donker" to the Federal Express office at the airport. With the permission of Federal Express, Tomaino let Donker run loose in the package holding area. Donker stopped at a package addressed to Alan Snitkin and scratched it, signaling the possible presence of drugs. None of the humans present smelled contraband.

Based solely on Donker's actions, the police obtained a search warrant, opened the package, and found cocaine. They then resealed the package, allowed Snitkin to pick it up, and arrested him as he drove away.

Tomaino had no reason to suspect any particular package at the Federal Express office contained drugs. He had brought Donker to make a routine survey of the office as he did every day because, in his words, "Federal Express is known actively for drugs." According to Tomaino, Federal Express is the number one air cargo carrier used by Hawaiian drug traffickers. Of the 1979 D.E.A. Task Force narcotics recoveries at the Honolulu International Airport since October, 1979, approximately one-quarter have been made at the Federal Express office.

Federal Express officials cooperate freely with drug enforcement officers. Tomaino testified that he simply calls up to ask when the freight comes in and then brings Donker to the cargo room to sniff the packages.

Tomaino has handled Donker for four years and three months. Initially, both received fifteen weeks of training at the United States Customs Service canine center in Virginia. Donker passed the course and received his narcotics certification. In his career, Donker has correctly sniffed out hidden drugs, including marijuana, heroine, cocaine, and hashish, 325 times. At least 175 of Donker's strikes have been made in Hawaii and of those approximately 30 at the Federal Express office at the Honolulu International Airport.

On June 16, 1982, the Oahu grand jury indicted Snitkin on one count of Promoting a Dangerous Drug in the Second Degree in violation of Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 712-1242(1)(b)(i). On October 5, 1982, Snitkin filed a motion to suppress the cocaine on the ground that Donker's actions constituted an illegal search. At the suppression hearing the trial judge granted the motion, citing State v. Groves, 65 Haw. 104, 649 P.2d 366 (1982). In the trial judge's view, the Groves opinion prohibited routine dog sniffs. The State appeals his ruling.

I.

The first issue raised by the State is whether Snitkin may challenge the constitutionality of Donker's actions. We find this contention without merit. See, United States v. Jacobsen, --- U.S. ----, ----, 104 S.Ct. 1652, 1655, 80 L.Ed.2d 85 (1984).

II.

We begin our discussion of the propriety of Donker's actions with our recent opinion in State v. Groves, 65 Haw. 104, 649 P.2d 366 (1982). In Groves we recognized that "people normally possess an expectation of privacy in luggage," 65 Haw. at 110, 649 P.2d at 371, but not in the airspace surrounding it. 65 Haw. at 112, 649 P.2d at 372. Thus, we held a narcotics detection dog's sniff of a suitcase was not a Fourth Amendment search. Id. The United States Supreme Court has since reached the same result in United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 103 S.Ct. 2637, 2644-45, 77 L.Ed.2d 110 (1983).

The novelty of the present case is how Donker's detection talents were used. In Groves, the marijuana found in the closed suitcase was first smelled by a human, and only then was the dog used to sniff the suspected article. 65 Haw. at 105-06, 649 P.2d at 368. Likewise, in Place the defendant's luggage had been isolated by the police before the dog was used to verify their reasonable suspicion that it contained contraband. 103 S.Ct. at 2640. Here, although from past statistics Officer Tomaino was aware that a number of packages carried by Federal Express contain drugs, he did not suspect Snitkin's package until Donker isolated it. Snitkin contends the lack of prior focus on his package renders Donker's actions the sort of general exploratory search proscribed by the Fourth Amendment and Article I, section 7 of our constitution.

We disagree. Snitkin's argument loses sight of our paramount holding in Groves: a narcotics dog's sniff of the airspace around a closed container is not a Fourth Amendment or Article I, section 7 "search." 65 Haw. at 112, 649 P.2d at 372. Here, the State's use of Donker to identify rather than verify packages containing contraband did not convert Donker's actions into a "search" of constitutional dimension. Only the surrounding airspace was examined, not the package's contents. Moreover, in Groves we expressly rejected the suggestion of United States v. Beale, 674 F.2d 1327 (9th Cir.1982), that the State may only employ drug detection dogs when it has a prior reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, 65 Haw. at 113, 649 P.2d at 371, and the United States Supreme Court has followed suit. 462 U.S. ----, 103 S.Ct. 3529, 77 L.Ed.2d 1382 (1983). Thus, we hold that a prior suspicion of Snitkin's package was not an absolute prerequisite to the State's use of Donker to ascertain whether it smelled of contraband. Accord, United States v. Race, 529 F.2d 12, 14 & n. 2 (1st Cir.1976) (dog sniff of airline cargo warehouse proper); State v. Morrow, 128 Ariz. 309, 625 P.2d 898 (1981) (dog sniff of all airplane luggage proper); People v. Mayberry, 31 Cal.3d 335, 182 Cal.Rptr. 617, 644 P.2d 810 (1982) (dog sniff of all inbound flight luggage proper); State v. Wolohan, 23 Wash.App. 813, 598 P.2d 421 (1979) (dog sniff of all bus cargo proper).

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