State v. Wood

• Decision Date: 10 August 1988
• Docket Number: No. 19918-8-I,19918-8-I
• Citation: 758 P.2d 530,52 Wn.App. 159
• Parties: STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Charles Edward WOOD, Jr., Appellant.
• Court: Washington Court of Appeals

Page 159

52 Wn.App. 159

758 P.2d 530

STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Charles Edward WOOD, Jr., Appellant.

No. 19918-8-I.

Court of Appeals of Washington,

Division 1.

Aug. 10, 1988.

Lorne M. Grier, Lynnwood, for appellant Charles E. Wood, Jr.

Norm Maleng, Pros. Atty., and Donna Wise, Deputy Pros. Atty., Seattle, for respondent State.

PEKELIS, Judge.

Charles E. Wood, Jr., was convicted of committing the crime of indecent liberties between the dates of January 1 and May 19, 1985 against J., a girl who turned 6 years old on March 4 of 1985. His sole contention on appeal is that the trial court erred in allowing his wife to testify over his objection. The trial court ruled that Wood could not invoke the spousal testimony privilege because he was acting as the victim's "guardian," as that term is used in RCW 5.60.060(1), at the time the alleged crime occurred. We affirm.

I.

Charles Wood and his wife Loretta lived next door to J. and her parents. J. began visiting the Woods regularly when she was approximately 4 or 5 years of age. During most visits she would play with Wood in their yard, but on at least two occasions she went inside the Woods' home. Wood described his relationship with her as that of "play partners." They did a great deal of active play, such as Wood's swinging J. around, playing horse, and giving J. piggyback rides. J.'s mother testified that J. "idolized" Wood and that she did not worry about J. in any way when J. was over at the Woods' home. J.'s mother testified that J had her permission to go to the Woods' house, and that it "was understood that if they didn't want the kids over that they would send them back home again."

J. testified that sometimes when Wood gave her piggyback rides, he touched her in her "privates" or her "potty." At these times she had her clothes on and "he would press [her] clothes up in with his fingers." It hurt her "[a] little bit." She remembers thinking at the time that it was an accident, and remembers that Wood told her he was sorry. She recalled that the incidents happened outside in the yard, and not in the house.

Wood testified that on two occasions, J. had complained when he had accidently touched her vaginal area during piggyback rides. One of the incidents occurred on May 19, 1985. He had been playing outside with J. and decided to go inside to put on a long-sleeved shirt over his T-shirt. J. wanted to come inside and upstairs with him. He set her down outside the bedroom, and when he emerged, she asked for a piggyback ride down the stairs, jumped up on his back, and jerked his neck back. While getting her weight adjusted properly, J. "came down on [his] thumb." J. then said to him, "[d]on't put your finger in my potty." He replied, "J., no, we don't do that, no. We don't do that." The other incident was in 1984 and occurred during a piggyback ride when he jumped over a barrier in the yard and J. came down on his hand. He testified that neither accidental touching had been done for his sexual gratification.

Loretta testified that she overheard the conversation in the house on May 19, 1985 between Wood and J. Her testimony was that J. said, "[b]ut don't put your finger in my potty, because it hurts," and Wood replied, "No, we are not going to do that this time." Loretta testified further that approximately 1 week before hearing that conversation she had observed Wood having an erection while J. demonstrated a dance that she was going to do at school. Additionally, Loretta testified that she was "suspicious" of Wood because of "all the other incidents that had happened in the last nine years." ¹

Prior to trial, Wood filed an objection to the State's calling Loretta as a witness. At a pretrial hearing, the court found that Wood was acting as a "guardian" when he was engaged in playing with J. and therefore Wood could not invoke the privilege against adverse spousal testimony under RCW 5.60.060(1).

II.

Wood contends that his "play partner" relationship with J. did not rise to the level of "guardian" so as to bar him from invoking the protections of the spousal testimony privilege. The State replies that Wood's physical play, the adoration of J. for him, and the trust placed in him by J.'s mother brought his relationship within the "guardian" definition.

RCW 5.60.060(1) prohibits a husband or wife from testifying against the other during their marriage without the consent of the nontestifying spouse. However, this rule of disqualification does not apply "to a criminal action or proceeding for a crime committed by said husband or wife against any child of whom said husband or wife is the parent or guardian". RCW 5.60.060(1).

A "parent" or "guardian" under RCW 5.60.060(1) includes "those who stand in the relationship of parent, or who assume duties normally characterized as parental even for a short time." (Citation omitted.) State v. Bouchard, 31 Wash.App. 381, 387, 639 P.2d 761, review denied, 97 Wash.2d 1021 (1982). Both terms, as used in this statute, have been broadly construed to mean any person who stands "in loco parentis." State v. Waleczek, 90 Wash.2d 746, 752, 585 P.2d 797 (1978). The accepted definition of a person in loco parentis is

one who means to put himself in the situation of a lawful parent to the child with respect to the office and duty of making provision for it; one assuming the parental character and discharging parental duties; a person standing in loco parentis to a child is one who has put himself in the situation of a lawful parent by assuming the obligations incident to the parental relation, without going through the formalities necessary to a legal adoption.

Waleczek, 90 Wash.2d at 752-53, 585 P.2d 797 (quoting 67 C.J.S. Parent and Child § 71 (1950)). The determination of whether a person is a guardian under RCW 5.60.060(1) will depend on the facts and circumstances of the case. State v. McKinney, 50 Wash.App. 56, 65, 747 P.2d 1113 (1987), review denied, 110 Wash.2d 1016 (1988).

The marital privileges are based on preserving the sanctity and harmony of marriage and were designed to avoid forcing the witness spouse to choose between perjury, contempt of court, or jeopardizing the marriage. See The Marital Privileges in Washington Law: Spouse Testimony and Marital Communications, 54 Wash.L.Rev. 65, 70 (1978). Since privileges are creatures of statute, however, they should be strictly construed. Bouchard, 31 Wash.App. at 387, 639 P.2d 761. Additionally, the privilege to bar a spouse's adverse testimony, particularly when no confidential communications are involved, is not highly favored by legal commentators. See 3 S. Gard, Jones on Evidence § 20:47 (6th ed. 1972); 2 J. Weinstein & M. Berger, Weinstein's Evidence § 505 -- (1986); cf. E. Cleary, McCormick's Handbook of the Law of Evidence §§ 66, 86 (3d ed. 1984) (disfavoring both the marital disqualification and communications privileges); compare 8 J. Wigmore, Evidence in Trials at Common Law § 2228 with § 2332 (McNaughton rev. 1961). One commentator calls the spousal disqualification privilege "an archaic survival of a mystical religious dogma" under which a wife cannot be produced to testify either for or against her husband because they are "two souls in one flesh." E. Cleary, supra, § 66 at 162-63 & n. 17.

Our own courts have recognized that in some situations the policies that underlie the right to invoke a testimonial privilege are outweighed by the suppression of truth that may result. See State v. Thompson, 88 Wash.2d 518, 524, 564 P.2d 315 (1977). In a recent case involving the issue of creating a parent-child testimonial privilege, our Supreme Court stated:

Policy reasons against creating a parent-child privilege center on the loss of valuable evidence. We conclude that the loss of evidence concern outweighs the public policy arguments in favor of a parent-child privilege. We agree with the United States Supreme Court that excluding relevant evidence by creating a privilege is warranted only if the resulting public good transcends the normally predominant principle of using all rational means for ascertaining the truth.

State v. Maxon, 110 Wash.2d 564, 576, 756 P.2d 1297 (1988) (citing Trammel v. United States, 445 U.S. 40, 50, 100 S.Ct. 906, 912, 63 L.Ed.2d 186 (1980)). ²

The Legislature's decision to exempt certain proceedings involving crimes against children from the spousal testimony privilege reflects a policy intent to subordinate the testimonial bar to "the 'overriding and paramount legislative intent to protect children from physical and sexual abuse.' " See McKinney, 50 Wash.App. at 64, 747 P.2d 1113 (quoting Waleczek, 90 Wash.2d at 751, 585 P.2d 797). The Legislature's purpose was to facilitate disclosure in child abuse cases, so that offenders would be punished and children...