Stone v. State

• Decision Date: 08 May 1975
• Docket Number: No. 43500,43500
• Citation: 534 P.2d 1022,85 Wn.2d 342
• Parties: W. Robert STONE, as Administrator of the Estate of Gregory S. Stone, Deceased, Respondent, v. The STATE of Washington, Defendant, Robert Gahagan, Appellant.
• Court: Washington Supreme Court

Page 342

85 Wn.2d 342

534 P.2d 1022

W. Robert STONE, as Administrator of the Estate of Gregory S. Stone, Deceased, Respondent, v. The STATE of Washington, Defendant, Robert Gahagan, Appellant.

No. 43500.

Supreme Court of Washington, En Banc.

May 8, 1975.

Small Tribes of Western Washington, Alan C. Stay, Sumner, for appellant.

Anderson, Hunter, Dewell, Baker & Collins, William W. Baker, Everett, for respondent.

UTTER, Associate Justice.

Robert Gahagan appeals from a judgment holding him in contempt for refusing, on grounds of possible self-incrimination, to answer questions asked him in a deposition in a civil suit despite a court order compelling discovery. The trial court's judgment was premised on its belief that Gahagan had partially waived his Fifth Amendment privilege by answering questions on the same subject at a previous coroner's inquest. We find the waiver does not extend so far and reverse the trial court.

In April 1972, Gregory Stone died from a single gunshot wound in the head he received in appellant Gahagan's apartment, while Gahagan was present, from a pistol owned by Gahagan. According to Gahagan, the shooting was an accident that resulted from Stone's mishandling of the gun. Nevertheless, Gahagan did not report Stone's death, but instead hid the body, threw away the gun and took other actions designed to conceal it. He did this, he said, because he feared that as a parolee he would be suspected of and charged with homicide. When the police found Stone's body, Gahagan was arrested and held as a material witness. He was released 31 days later, after taking a polygraph examination and pleading guilty to the crime of concealing a dead body. Following his release, he appeared and testified at the coroner's inquest into the incident.

Plaintiff Robert W. Stone filed suit against the State for wrongful death as the administrator of the decedent's estate. The basis of the complaint was that Gahagan's parole officer had negligently failed to exercise proper control over him by allowing him to possess the gun that killed Gregory Stone. Gahagan was subpoenaed by plaintiff in this action to give a deposition regarding the details of the shooting. He appeared through counsel but refused to testify, claiming his privilege against self-incrimination. Plaintiff then obtained an order compelling discovery from the trial court which required Gahagan to testify on the following limited conditions: (1) that he have the right to have counsel present; (2) that he have available a copy of the transcript of his testimony at the coroner's inquest; (3) that all counsel restrict their questions to the scope of those Gahagan voluntarily answered at the inquest; and (4) that all counsel follow, insofar as practicable, the phraseology of those previous questions.

Another deposition was then scheduled and held, but at it Gahagan again claimed Fifth Amendment privilege against all questions other than those regarding his name and address. For that refusal to answer he was held in contempt by the trial court. At the show cause hearing the court held that Gahagan could not claim his privilege as to any question he had previously answered, stating:

(I)n my previous ruling I had made it clear that the reason I was granting the Order at that time was, in my opinion, that the privilege granted by the Fifth Amendment had been waived by the failure to exercise the Fifth Amendment at the time of the coroner's inquest and that's the specific reason I gave for allowing the taking of the deposition and allowing plaintiff's counsel to examine Mr. Gahagan by deposition.

The sole question presented to us by this appeal, therefore, is whether, by testifying at the coroner's inquest, Gahagan waived his privilege against self-incrimination as to similar questions on the same matter put to him at the deposition.

The established rule is that a waiver of the privilege against self-incrimination by testifying at one proceeding does not extend to a later, separate proceeding. United States v. Johnson, 488 F.2d 1206 (1st Cir. 1973); Ottomano v. United States, 468 F.2d 269 (1st Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1128, 93 S.Ct. 948, 35 L.Ed.2d 260 (1973); United States v. Miranti, 253 F.2d 135 (2d Cir. 1958); In re Neff, 206 F.2d 149 (3d Cir. 1953); McConkey v. State, 504 P.2d 823 (Alaska 1972); In re Snyder, 398 Pa. 237, 157 A.2d 207 (1960); People v. Cassidy, 213 N.Y. 388, 107 N.E. 713 (1915); Overend v. Superior Court, 131 Cal. 280, 284, 63 P. 372 (1900); Cullen v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. (24 Gratt.) 624, 627 (1873); 8 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 2276(4) (McNaughton Rev.1961). The reasons given by courts following this rule are various: that repetition adds to the weight of the evidence increasing the self-incrimination danger; that changed circumstances may have created new and greater dangers of prosecution of the witness; that a different proceeding may entail different procedures, increasing the possibility of incriminatory disclosures. See Houghton, Requiring Witnesses to Repeat Themselves, 47 Tex.L.Rev. 266, 267 (1969). But whatever the justification for this result, it is clear that the vast majority of courts both ancient and modern, state and federal, have reached it.

A few recent cases have created or suggested a limited exception to this rule where a witness gives testimony to a grand jury and later refuses to repeat it at a trial on charges brought by the body to which the testimony was given. United States v. Seewald, 450 F.2d 1159, 1163 (2d Cir. 1971); Ellis v. United States, 135 U.S.App.D.C. 35, 416 F.2d 791 (1969); In re Desaulnier, Jr., --- Mass. ---, 276 N.E.2d 278 (1971). The courts in these cases reasoned that the witness should have known that the trial would result from his disclosures to the investigatory body and that the prosecution would rely on their being able to present the same evidence at trial. The limited additional danger to the witness was found to be foreseeable to him and outweighed by the State's interest in planning and conducting criminal trials. The courts therefore held that

Where a witness assisted and advised by counsel has testified in proceedings or investigations obviously directed to the subject matter of an inquiry or an issue later before a court, and where the prior testimony has been recorded by a competent stenographer or has been written out in the presence of the witness, the witness's privilege is to be deemed waived (a) at least to the extent of the subject matter of the questions which he has answered, (b) where the proceeding in which the privilege is invoked is a probable, logical, or natural continuation or outgrowth of the proceeding or inquiry in which prior testimony has been given by the witness.

In re Desaulnier, Jr., Supra at 281.

Respondent asks us to extend these cases to reach this one, even though they are in the minority and have been strongly criticized. See United States v. Johnson, Supra at 1210--11; Ellis v. United States, Supra at 808 (Wright, J., dissenting); C. McCormick, Evidence § 140, at 298 (E. Cleary 2d ed. 1972). But whatever their validity in the confines of the circumstances they involved, they can have no application here. The waiver here was found in a civil deposition, not a criminal case; there was no reliance by a misled prosecutor, no overriding state interest to balance against the witness' claimed rights. More importantly, the civil action here could in no sense be said to be a 'probable, natural or logical outgrowth' of the coroner's inquest that Mr. Gahagan or his attorney there could or...