Swaso v. Onslow Cnty. Bd. of Educ.

• Decision Date: 10 August 2017
• Docket Number: No. 16-2347,16-2347
• Parties: CARMEN SWASO, Plaintiff - Appellant, v. ONSLOW COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION; PAMELA THOMAS, individually and in her official capacity; DR. DONNA LYNCH, individually and in her official capacity; DR. KATHY SPENCER, Superintendent Onslow County Schools, Defendants - Appellees, and FRED HOLT, individually and in his official capacity; MARGARET BROWN, individually and in her official capacity; BROCK RIDGE, individually and in his official capacity; JEFFREY L. BROWN, individually and in his official capacity; LINA PADGETT-PARKER, individually and in her official capacity; RONNIE ROSS, individually and in his official capacity; MARY ANN SHARPE, individually and in her official capacity; EARL TAYLOR, individually and in his official capacity; PAUL WIGGINS, individually and in his official capacity, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

CARMEN SWASO, Plaintiff - Appellant, v. ONSLOW COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION; PAMELA THOMAS,

individually and in her official capacity;

DR. DONNA LYNCH, individually and in her official capacity;

DR. KATHY SPENCER, Superintendent Onslow County Schools, Defendants - Appellees,

and FRED HOLT, individually and in his official capacity;

MARGARET BROWN, individually and in her official capacity;

BROCK RIDGE, individually and in his official capacity;

JEFFREY L. BROWN, individually and in his official capacity;

LINA PADGETT-PARKER, individually and in her official capacity;

RONNIE ROSS, individually and in his official capacity;

MARY ANN SHARPE,

individually and in her official capacity;

EARL TAYLOR, individually and in his official capacity;

PAUL WIGGINS, individually and in his official capacity, Defendants.

No. 16-2347

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

Submitted: June 30, 2017

Amended: August 11, 2017

August 10, 2017

UNPUBLISHED

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Wilmington. Louise W. Flanagan, District Judge. (7:13-cv-00224-FL) Before WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, and DIAZ, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

Geraldine Sumter, FERGUSON CHAMBERS & SUMTER, PA, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant. Scott C. Hart, SUMRELL, SUGG, CARMICHAEL, HICKS & HART, P.A., New Bern, North Carolina, for Appellees.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

PER CURIAM:

Carmen Swaso appeals the district court's order dismissing, for failure to state a claim, her civil action alleging racial discrimination in employment under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (2012) and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2012). On appeal, Swaso challenges the district court's dismissal of her claim on the ground that, with respect to two instances of alleged discriminatory treatment, she failed to allege either an adverse employment action or circumstances giving rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

We review de novo a district court's dismissal of an action under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Trejo v. Ryman Hosp. Props., Inc., 795 F.3d 442, 445-46 (4th Cir. 2015). "To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id.

In conducting this analysis, we "accept[] as true the complaint's factual allegations and draw[] all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff." Elyazidi v. SunTrust Bank, 780 F.3d 227, 233 (4th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, we need not accept "legal conclusions, elements of a cause of action, . . . bare assertions devoid of further factual enhancement[,] . . . unwarranted inferences, unreasonable conclusions, or arguments." Nemet Chevrolet, Ltd. v. Consumeraffairs.com, Inc., 591 F.3d 250, 255 (4th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). The complaint must offer "more thanlabels and conclusions" or "a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action," Bell Alt. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007), but ultimately "need only give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests," E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Kolon Indus., Inc., 637 F.3d 435, 440 (4th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). A "complaint will not be dismissed as long as [it] provides sufficient detail about [the plaintiff's] claim to show that [the plaintiff] has a more-than-conceivable chance of success on the merits." Owens v. Balt. City State's Attorneys Office, 767 F.3d 379, 396 (4th Cir. 2014).

Claims of racial discrimination in employment under § 1981 and § 1983 are evaluated under the Title VII framework. See Love-Lane v. Martin, 355 F.3d 766, 786 (4th Cir. 2004). A plaintiff may establish liability under Title VII by employing two methods of proof: (1) "demonstrating through direct or circumstantial evidence that [her] race was a motivating factor in the employer's adverse employment action"; or (2) relying on the burden shifting scheme set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). Holland v. Wash. Homes, Inc., 487 F.3d 208, 213-14 (4th Cir. 2007).

To establish a claim under McDonnell Douglas, a plaintiff must put forth a prima facie case of discrimination by establishing that: (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she "suffered an adverse employment action"; (3) her job performance was satisfactory; and (4) the adverse employment action occurred "under circumstances giving rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination." Adams v. Tr. of Univ. of N.C.-Wilmington, 640 F.3d 550, 558 (4th Cir. 2011). The fourth element is met if "similarly-situated employees outside the protected class received more favorable treatment." White v. BFI Waste Servs., LLC, 375 F.3d 288, 295 (4th Cir. 2004). While a plaintiff need not plead a prima facie case to survive a motion to dismiss, a Title VII complaint is still subject to dismissal if it does not meet the ordinary pleadings standard under Twombly and Iqbal. See McCleary-Evans v. Md. Dep't of Transp., 780 F.3d 582, 584-85 (4th Cir. 2015); Coleman v. Md. Court of Appeals, 626 F.3d 187, 190 (4th Cir. 2010).

Swaso first argues that the district court erred in concluding that she failed to allege an adverse employment action with respect to the actions Defendants took to alert her to, and protect her from, a threat to her safety on October 18, 2011. "An adverse employment action is a discriminatory act that adversely affect[s] the terms, conditions, or benefits of the plaintiff's employment." Holland, 487 F.3d at 219 (internal quotation marks omitted). Although "[c]onduct short of ultimate employment decisions can constitute adverse employment action," James v. Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc., 368 F.3d 371, 375-76 (4th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted), "adverse employment action . . . denotes some direct or indirect impact on an individual's employment as opposed to harms immaterially related to it," Adams v. Anne Arundel Cty. Pub. Schs., 789 F.3d 422, 431 (4th Cir. 2015). "An adverse action is one that constitutes a significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits." Hoyle v. Freightliner, LLC, 650 F.3d 321, 337 (4th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Our review of Swaso's complaint confirms the district court's holding. Defendants' alleged omissions did not have an impact on Swaso's employment conditions equivalent to "hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits." Se id. And while Swaso's reaction to the October 18 events may have triggered a chain of events culminating in her...