The State v. Burgess

• Decision Date: 17 August 2011
• Docket Number: No. 4871.,4871.
• Citation: 714 S.E.2d 917,394 S.C. 407
• Court: South Carolina Court of Appeals
• Parties: The STATE, Respondent,v.Sandy BURGESS, Appellant.

394 S.C. 407

714 S.E.2d 917

The STATE, Respondent,

v.Sandy BURGESS, Appellant.

No. 4871.

Court of Appeals of South Carolina.

Heard May 4, 2011.Decided Aug. 17, 2011.

Benjamin A. Stitely and Robert T. Williams, Sr., of Lexington, for Appellant.Attorney General Alan Wilson, Chief Deputy Attorney General John W. McIntosh, Assistant Deputy Attorney General Salley W. Elliott, Assistant Attorney General Deborah R.J. Shupe, and Solicitor Daniel E. Johnson, all of Columbia, for Respondent.LOCKEMY, J.

In this Fourth Amendment search and seizure case, Sandy Burgess appeals her convictions and sentences for trafficking crack cocaine, possession with intent to distribute (PWID) cocaine, PWID ecstasy and possession of marijuana. Burgess argues the trial court erred in determining Investigator John Lutz had reasonable suspicion to stop her vehicle. We affirm.

FACTS

On May 22, 2008, Narcotics Investigator John Lutz drove through the parking lot of the Hardee's on Rosewood Drive in Columbia, South Carolina. According to Lutz, the Hardee's parking lot is a known meeting location for drug sales in Richland County. Lutz explained a manager at the Hardee's complained to another investigator about drug activity “every few months” over the course of a “couple of years.” According to Lutz, he personally spoke with the manager regarding the drug activity, and he and other officers had made arrests stemming from activity in the Hardee's parking lot.

As Lutz drove through the lot, he observed a Jeep with lightly tinted windows backed into a parking space at the back of the parking lot. Lutz noticed the passenger was “looking around very intently and smoking a cigarette.” Neither the driver nor the passenger appeared to be eating. Based on Lutz's training and experience he believed the pair was waiting to purchase drugs. Lutz explained he formed this belief based on his twenty-two years of law enforcement experience, including nine years in narcotics investigations, and his training at the South Carolina Criminal Justice Academy. According to Lutz, he had overseen “several hundred” undercover narcotics investigations during which an undercover purchaser would typically have to wait for the supplier to arrive in order to conduct a transaction.

After observing the Jeep and its occupants, Lutz parked nearby in order to continue observation of the parking lot and the Jeep and its occupants. A few minutes later, Burgess entered the parking lot in a white car, backed up, and parked her car askew in a parking space a few feet from Lutz's location. The Jeep proceeded toward Burgess's location, waited for her to park, and pulled along the passenger side of her vehicle. The passenger in the Jeep got out and entered the back passenger seat of Burgess's vehicle while extending his hand toward Burgess. Lutz observed Burgess look over her shoulder while the passenger in Burgess's car looked down towards Burgess's lap. After approximately fifteen seconds, the passenger from the Jeep exited Burgess's car and returned to the Jeep. Lutz explained the complaints of drug activity in the parking lot, his training and experience, and his “prior knowledge of people doing the exact same thing” led him to conclude he had observed a drug transaction.

Burgess and the Jeep exited the Hardee's parking lot traveling west on Rosewood Drive. Lutz followed both vehicles but soon after, the Jeep turned off of Rosewood Drive.¹ Lutz chose to follow Burgess's car because the fact that she arrived at the Hardee's parking lot second led him to believe she was the supplier. Burgess turned onto South Maple Street and after a short distance entered a driveway. Lutz pulled in behind Burgess and initiated his blue lights. Burgess and the passenger quickly exited the vehicle, and Lutz observed a small black bag in Burgess's left hand. Lutz instructed Burgess and the passenger to reenter the vehicle. Lutz explained as Burgess sat down in the driver's seat she leaned over to her left “like she was trying to put something up under the left side of the car.” Lutz instructed Burgess to stand up and keep her hands visible. As Burgess stood up she made a kicking motion with her right leg “like she was trying to kick an object under the vehicle.” Lutz discovered a black bag containing several types of drugs on the driveway below the driver's seat.² Lutz arrested Burgess and the passenger.

Burgess was indicted for trafficking in crack cocaine, PWID marijuana, PWID cocaine, and PWID ecstasy. Prior to the bench trial,³ Burgess moved to suppress the drug evidence, arguing Lutz lacked reasonable suspicion to stop her. The trial court denied Burgess's motion and ultimately found Burgess guilty of trafficking crack cocaine, PWID cocaine, and PWID ecstasy. The trial court found Burgess not guilty of PWID marijuana, but found her guilty of the lesser included offense of possession of marijuana. The trial court sentenced Burgess to thirty days for possession of marijuana, and concurrent sentences of eight years for the trafficking and PWID charges. This appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

When reviewing a Fourth Amendment search and seizure issue, this court must affirm if there is any evidence to support the trial court's ruling and will reverse only where there is clear error. State v. Wright, 391 S.C. 436, 442, 706 S.E.2d 324, 326 (2011); State v. Brockman, 339 S.C. 57, 66, 528 S.E.2d 661, 666 (2000). In applying this standard of review, we must determine if the record supports the trial court's assumed findings, and if those findings support the trial court's determination regarding reasonable suspicion or probable cause. State v. Tindall, 388 S.C. 518, 523 n. 5, 698 S.E.2d 203, 206 n. 5 (2010); State v. Khingratsaiphon, 352 S.C. 62, 70, 572 S.E.2d 456, 460 (2002) (applying the any evidence standard of review but noting an appellate court may conduct “its own review of the record to determine whether the trial judge's decision is supported by the evidence”).

LAW/ANALYSIS

Burgess argues the trial court erred in determining Lutz had reasonable suspicion to initiate the stop of her vehicle. We disagree.

The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. Evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment must be excluded from trial. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961).

A vehicle stop constitutes a seizure and implicates the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures. State v. Banda, 371 S.C. 245, 252, 639 S.E.2d 36, 40 (2006); State v. Rogers, 368 S.C. 529, 533, 629 S.E.2d 679, 681 (Ct.App.2006). Accordingly, a police officer may stop a vehicle when the officer has probable cause to believe a traffic violation has occurred, State v. Woodruff, 344 S.C. 537, 546, 544 S.E.2d 290, 295 (Ct.App.2001), or when the officer has reasonable suspicion the occupants are involved in criminal activity. Knight v. State, 284 S.C. 138, 141, 325 S.E.2d 535, 537–38 (1985).

Generally, a police officer may stop and briefly detain and question a person for investigative purposes, without treading upon his Fourth Amendment rights, when the officer has a reasonable suspicion the person is involved in criminal activity. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). Reasonable suspicion is a specific and objective basis, supported by articulable facts, for suspecting another of criminal activity. U.S. v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417–18, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981); Black's Law Dictionary 1585 (9th ed.2009). In determining whether reasonable suspicion exists, the totality of the circumstances must be considered. Cortez, 449 U.S. at 417–18, 101 S.Ct. 690.

Initially, we note that Burgess does not challenge the admission of the drug evidence on grounds that Lutz exceeded the scope of the Terry stop. See State v. Corley, 383 S.C. 232, 241, 679 S.E.2d 187, 192 (Ct.App.2009), aff'd as modified, 392 S.C. 125, 708 S.E.2d 217 (2011) (“The scope and duration of [the stop] must be strictly tied to and justified by the circumstances that rendered its initiation proper.”). Instead, Burgess maintains Lutz lacked reasonable suspicion to stop her and the drug evidence should have been excluded because it was the result of an illegal seizure. Therefore, our analysis examines whether Lutz had reasonable suspicion to initiate a Terry stop of Burgess and does not address whether the events that occurred after the stop were proper.

We find the evidence in the record supports the trial court's determination that Lutz had reasonable suspicion to stop Burgess. At the time Lutz activated his blue lights, Lutz was aware the Hardee's parking lot was a known meeting location for drug sales and had personal knowledge of frequent complaints of drug activity in the parking lot. Lutz observed the Jeep parked at the back of the parking lot. Its occupants were not eating and appeared to be waiting for someone. Lutz observed Burgess enter the parking lot and park haphazardly. The passenger from the Jeep entered the rear passenger seat of Burgess's car with his hand extended while Burgess looked in his direction. The events in Burgess's car lasted fifteen seconds. Lutz explained this activity was suspicious because, in his experience with several hundred narcotics investigations, buyers usually arrive at a predetermined location to wait on a supplier in order to complete a drug transaction. Lutz further explained he had prior knowledge of similar drug transactions occurring in the same manner. In short, Lutz had personal knowledge of complaints of drug activity at the Hardee's parking lot and observed Burgess's behavior in the parking lot, which his training and experience...