Tipton v. Com.

• Decision Date: 17 May 1994
• Docket Number: No. 2418-92-2,2418-92-2
• Citation: 18 Va.App. 370,444 S.E.2d 1
• Parties: James Phillips TIPTON, II v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia. Record
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

Page 1

444 S.E.2d 1

18 Va.App. 370

James Phillips TIPTON, II v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 2418-92-2.

Court of Appeals of Virginia.

May 17, 1994.

Gordon W. Poindexter, Jr., Waynesboro (Linda Schorsch Jones, Poindexter & Schorsch, on brief), for appellant.

H. Elizabeth Shaffer, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Stephen D. Rosenthal, Atty. Gen., on brief), for appellee.

Present: MOON, C.J., and ELDER, J., and COLE ^*, Senior Judge.

MOON, Chief Judge.

James Phillips Tipton, II, was convicted of involuntary manslaughter by unintentionally causing death as the result of driving an automobile while under the influence of alcohol. See Code § 18.2-36.1. On appeal, Tipton argues (1) that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the results of his blood test; (2) that the Commonwealth's noncompliance with the implied consent statute mandated suppression of the blood test evidence; and (3) that the evidence was insufficient to sustain Tipton's conviction for involuntary manslaughter. We disagree and affirm.

Tipton was involved in a fatal two-car accident on Route 250 West in Albemarle County. While investigating the accident, Trooper J.C. Parker learned that Tipton was the driver of one of the cars involved in the accident and that he had been taken to the University of Virginia hospital emergency room. One of the rescue personnel informed Trooper Parker that Tipton had a detectable alcohol odor about him and that Tipton had said he had consumed three beers and that "he had screwed up."

Because Trooper Parker could not leave the accident scene, he informed the State Police dispatcher of a possible fatality and that he had probable cause for a driving while intoxicated charge. He asked the dispatcher to send another trooper to the hospital.

The dispatcher sent Trooper John Pannel to the hospital to interview and obtain a blood test from the driver. Pannel found Tipton and advised him of his Miranda rights and of the Virginia implied consent law, Code § 18.2-268(B). ¹ Tipton chose to take a blood test, which a physician administered.

At trial, the Commonwealth conceded that the blood test was inadmissible under Code § 18.2-268(B) because it was administered more than two hours after the accident and was not taken pursuant to a valid arrest under Code § 19.2-81. Instead, the Commonwealth argued that Trooper Pannel was entitled to conduct a search of Tipton because he consented to the test, and that even absent such consent there was sufficient probable cause to justify a search based upon the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution.

The trial court found that the blood test given to Tipton was without valid consent because Tipton was not under arrest and the test was administered more than two hours after the accident. However, the trial court found that Trooper Pannel did not unconstitutionally seize Tipton because Pannel had probable cause to arrest him. The trial court further found that exigent circumstances justified the taking of Tipton's blood.

At trial, the Commonwealth introduced the results of Tipton's blood test through testimony of the chemist who analyzed his blood. The Commonwealth did not rely upon the certificate of analysis from the blood test or on the statutory presumption of intoxication. The test revealed that Tipton's blood alcohol was .10 percent by weight by volume. An expert testified that Tipton's blood alcohol count was between .12 and .15 percent by weight by volume at the time of the accident, and that with such a blood alcohol content, a driver would experience a loss of information processing skills, diminished tracking skills, some loss of peripheral vision, and slowed reaction. The court found Tipton guilty of involuntary manslaughter and sentenced him to serve ten years in the penitentiary.

A blood test of the type administered to Tipton is a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 766-67, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 1833-34, 16 L.Ed.2d 908 (1966). A warrantless search is per se unreasonable and violative of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, subject to certain exceptions. Fore v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 1007, 1010, 265 S.E.2d 729, 731, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1017, 101 S.Ct. 579, 66 L.Ed.2d 477 (1980).

One well established exception to the warrant requirement exists when there are exigencies in a situation which make such an exception "imperative." New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 457, 101 S.Ct. 2860, 2862, 69 L.Ed.2d 768 (1981). Where exigent circumstances dictate that police literally must act "now or never" to preserve evidence of the crime, it is reasonable to permit action without prior judicial evaluation....