U.S. v. Brown

• Decision Date: 29 December 1998
• Docket Number: Nos. 97-4165,97-4183,s. 97-4165
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Douglas E. BROWN, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 518

164 F.3d 518

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Douglas E. BROWN, Defendant-Appellee.

Nos. 97-4165, 97-4183.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Dec. 29, 1998.

Paul T. Moxley and Catherine L. Brabson, Moxley Jones & Campbell L.C., Salt Lake City, UT, for Defendant-Appellant.

Scott J. Thorley, Assistant United States Attorney (David J. Schwendiman, United States Attorney, with him on the brief), Salt Lake City, UT, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before PORFILIO, BALDOCK, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.

PORFILIO, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Douglas Brown pleaded guilty to securities fraud, being an unregistered broker-dealer, and wire fraud stemming from the sale of American securities to investors in Germany. He now appeals the denial of his motion to dismiss portions of the indictment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The government cross-appeals the district court's loss calculation under the Sentencing Guidelines. We have jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1291; 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b), and affirm.

I

This case involves the fraudulent sale of American securities to investors in Germany. The grand jury returned a 255-count superseding indictment against Douglas Brown, Hans Kuhlen, and others, charging them with conspiracy, securities fraud, transacting in securities while not registered as broker-dealers, wire fraud, and money laundering. The indictment alleges that, from Utah, Mr. Brown created companies and stocks without substance, provided those stocks for resale in Germany through Mr. Kuhlen and others, misrepresented the value of those stocks to support their sale, and transferred the proceeds of the fraud from Germany to Utah.

Mr. Brown moved to dismiss the securities counts of the indictment for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 12(b). Relying on the allegations of the indictment, Mr. Brown claimed that much of the conduct occurred in Germany and thus outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States criminal laws. The district court held a hearing and denied the motion. The court reasoned that the "allegations contained in the superseding [indictment were] enough to find that [the court] has jurisdiction." Mr. Brown then pleaded guilty, unconditionally and without a plea agreement, to one count each of securities fraud, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), transacting in securities while not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission as a broker-dealer, id. § 78o (a)(1), and wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343. The government sought and obtained dismissal of the remaining counts of the indictment. ¹

During the sentencing phase, the district court held a two-day evidentiary hearing to determine, among other things, the relevant conduct and loss for which Mr. Brown would be held accountable. The district court calculated the loss according to the $650,000 Mr. Brown gained from the scheme, instead of the $18-25 million in actual loss to the victims the government had urged. In doing so, the court concluded that the government had failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Kuhlen's activities in Germany, and the concomitant losses, constituted relevant conduct for which Mr. Brown must be held responsible. The court stated:

The loss has been difficult for me to calculate. The government wants me to look at $25 million. And loss, to a large extent, determines the sentence.... [T]he gain to [Mr. Brown], personally, was only 650,000 or something like that. I'm going to take that figure and find that the government has not proved, by a preponderance of the evidence at this sentencing hearing, that Mr. Brown, for purposes of sentencing, should be linked with that entire loss amount [of $25 million]. [p] It does appear to me that Mr. Kuhlen was the mastermind behind this criminal enterprise, that he conned a lot of people, and he was the driving force.... For those reasons, and because I haven't heard anyone show me, with a direct link, that Mr. Brown was in Germany making those misrepresentations[,] for purposes of sentencing only, and only for purposes of the loss amount, I'm willing to indulge the argument of defense that the loss is above 600,000 and not above 25,000,000.

The court sentenced Mr. Brown to 42 months in prison, a $250,000 fine, and three years of supervised release. Both parties timely appealed.

II

Mr. Brown claims the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the federal securities and wire fraud offenses ² because the bulk of the illegal conduct allegedly occurred in Germany. He argues the "laws under which he was indicted and sentenced do not apply extraterritorially unless conduct occurred in the United States that directly caused the loss." We review Mr. Brown's challenge to the district court's jurisdiction de novo, United States v. Blackwell, 81 F.3d 945, 947 (10th Cir.1996), and reject it because the indictment alleged his criminal activity occurred within the United States and he admitted as much when he pleaded guilty unconditionally.

Subject matter jurisdiction initially vested in the district court upon the filing of the superseding indictment in this case. The indictment charges Mr. Brown with offenses against the United States in language similar to the securities and wire fraud statutes. It alleges the locale of the offenses in general terms--the criminal activity took place "in the Central Division of the District of Utah and elsewhere"--and in many instances specifically links the purported violations to Mr. Brown's activities in Utah. For example, Mr. Brown is alleged to have incorporated bogus companies in Utah and Nevada; mailed on a regular basis documents to and from his offices in Utah; conducted telephone and facsimile communications between Germany and Utah; and wire transferred fraudulently obtained money from Germany to Utah. Because the indictment recited the necessary jurisdictional facts, and the contrary has not been shown or argued upon its face, ³ nothing more was required to initially confer subject matter jurisdiction. 18 U.S.C. § 3231; United States v. Perea, 413 F.2d 65, 67 (10th Cir.1969); Young v. United States, 354 F.2d 449, 452 (10th Cir.1965); Head v. Hunter, 141 F.2d 449, 451 (10th Cir.1944); United States v. Stoddard, 875 F.2d 1233, 1236-37 (6th Cir.1989); United States v. Desurra, 865 F.2d 651, 654 (5th Cir.1989); United States v. Romero-Galue, 757 F.2d 1147, 1150 n. 10 (11th Cir.1985).

Jurisdiction remained with the district court through the entry of judgment because Mr. Brown pleaded guilty unconditionally to the offenses at issue. Counsel asserted at oral argument that, during the plea hearing, Mr. Brown was "very careful" not to admit any conduct occurred within the United States. Although that may have been his intent, the strategy failed to realize the unconditional plea admitted all material allegations already contained in the superseding indictment, including the allegations that Mr. Brown's criminal activity occurred in Utah. An unconditional plea of guilty is an admission of all material facts alleged in the charge, United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 109 S.Ct. 757, 762, 102 L.Ed.2d 927 (1989); United States v. Powell, 159 F.3d 500, 503 (10th Cir.1998), including those facts that serve as factual predicates to subject matter jurisdiction. United States v. Eason, 133 F.3d 933, 1998 WL 8224, at * 1 (10th Cir.1998) (unpublished disposition); United States v. Richard, 37 F.3d 1510, 1994 WL 548964, at * 2 (10th Cir.1994) (unpublished disposition); Valencia v. United States, 923 F.2d 917, 921 (1st Cir.1991); Mack v. United States, 853 F.2d 585, 586 (8th Cir.1988); United States v. Mathews, 833 F.2d 161, 163-64 (9th Cir.1987); Hayle v. United States, 815 F.2d 879, 881-82 (2d Cir.1987); United States v. Hoyland, 264 F.2d 346, 351-53 (7th Cir.1959). Therefore, omitting discussion of the place of the crime at the plea hearing was inconsequential. By pleading guilty, Mr. Brown established facts sufficient by operation of law to maintain subject matter jurisdiction through the entry of judgment. Mathews, 833 F.2d at 164.

III

The government cross-appeals the district court's loss calculation under the Sentencing Guidelines. The district court relied on Mr. Brown's $650,000 gain, instead of the $18-25 million in actual loss to the victims the government had urged. The government challenges both legal and factual aspects of the district court's conclusion. We review the former de novo and the latter for clear error, United States v. Fox, 999 F.2d 483, 485 (10th Cir.1993), and we reject each contention.

The government first argues the district court erred when it failed to make explicit findings explaining why Mr. Brown's gain was a reasonable estimate of the victims' losses. See 1995 U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1 n. 8 (using gain as measure of loss is permissible so long as the gain is a "reasonable estimate of the loss"). This claim is tantamount to a belated Rule 32(c)(1) objection. Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(c)(1).

Rule 32(c)(1) provides that when a defendant or the government objects to a matter in the presentence report, the court "must make either a finding on the allegation or a determination that no finding is necessary because the controverted matter will not be taken into account in, or will not affect, sentencing." Id. Ordinarily, when a district court fails to comply with this rule we must remand for the court to either make the necessary findings or enter a declaration that the controverted matters are inconsequential. United States v. Romero, 122 F.3d 1334, 1344 (10th Cir.1997), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 1310, 140 L.Ed.2d 474 (1998); United States v. Pedraza, 27 F.3d 1515, 1530-31 (10th Cir.1994).

A remand is unnecessary here, however, because the record demonstrates the government chose not to ask the trial court to explicate its reasons pursuant to Rule 32(c)(1). The government's failure to previously raise a Rule 32(c)(1) objection limits our review to...