U.S. v. Clark, 96-6004

• Decision Date: 21 May 1996
• Docket Number: No. 96-6004,96-6004
• Citation: 84 F.3d 378
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Tyrone Maurice CLARK, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 378

84 F.3d 378

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Tyrone Maurice CLARK, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 96-6004.

United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.

May 21, 1996.

Tyrone Maurice Clark, El Reno, Oklahoma, pro se.

Patrick M. Ryan, United States Attorney, Mary M. Smith, Assistant United States Attorney, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before ANDERSON, BARRETT, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 10th Cir.R. 34.1.9. This case therefore is ordered submitted without oral argument.

Tyrone Maurice Clark appeals pro se from the Order of the district court denying his motion pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(e) for the return of property. Clark claims that the method of service employed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("the FBI") in the administrative forfeiture proceeding was constitutionally deficient. We affirm.

On June 21, 1994, Appellant Clark was arrested after negotiating the quantity, price, and delivery of six kilograms of cocaine with an undercover FBI agent. After his arrest, the FBI seized $101,760.00 in U.S. currency from Clark and his associate. A six-count indictment was returned against Clark in the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma on August 3, 1994. On November 9, 1994, Clark pleaded guilty to count one, conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and the government subsequently dismissed the remaining five counts. Clark was sentenced on January 17, 1995, to 180 months of imprisonment and five years of supervised release.

In connection with the seizure of the currency, the FBI commenced an administrative forfeiture proceeding. Notice apprising Clark of the forfeiture proceeding and his right to contest it was accomplished by several means. On July 19, 1994, the FBI sent notice by certified mail to Clark at the Oklahoma County Jail where he was being held prior to his indictment. It also sent notice the next day to a Wichita, Kansas, address recorded for Clark at the time of his arrest. The return receipt for the County Jail notice was signed on July 25, 1994. The second return receipt, sent to the Wichita address, was signed by Dorothy Barnes, who appears to be Clark's mother-in-law, on July 25, 1994. The FBI also served notice by publication in The New York Times on August 7, 14, and 21, 1994. As no claim was made to contest the administrative forfeiture, a Declaration of Forfeiture was issued as to the seized currency on October 12, 1994.

Almost two months after he was sentenced, Clark filed his Rule 41(e) motion for the return of the $101,760.00 in currency seized from him at the time of his arrest. The district court entered its Order denying Clark's motion on December 12, 1994. It held that the currency had been administratively forfeited by the FBI and that the evidence showed Clark had been served with notice in a constitutionally adequate manner. This appeal followed.

On appeal, Clark asserts that the methods of service employed by the FBI were constitutionally defective so as to constitute a denial of due process. He concedes that he was incarcerated at the Oklahoma County Jail from the time of his arrest until his sentencing. But he contends that he did not receive the certified mailing of notice sent by the FBI to that facility. Clark claims that he should have been served in person at the jail. Furthermore, Clark maintains that the two additional forms of service were otherwise defective. In the alternative, Clark argues that the seizure and forfeiture constituted jeopardy in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

In order to properly effect a forfeiture, the government is required to give notice to all persons who have or claim an interest in real property being administratively forfeited. See 19 U.S.C. § 1607; 21 C.F.R. § 1316.75. If no claim and bond are received by the forfeiting agency within the prescribed time limits, a declaration of forfeiture must be issued. See 19 U.S.C. § 1609; 21 C.F.R. § 1316.77(b).

Notice is designed "to apprise the affected individual of, and permit adequate preparation for, an impending 'hearing.' " Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 14, 98 S.Ct. 1554, 1563, 56 L.Ed.2d 30 (1978). Due process thus requires "notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections." Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S.Ct. 652, 657, 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950).

When the government can reasonably ascertain the name and address of an interested party, due process requires the government to send "[n]otice by mail or other means as certain to ensure actual notice." Mennonite Bd. of Missions v. Adams, 462 U.S. 791, 800, 103 S.Ct. 2706, 2712, 77 L.Ed.2d 180 (1983). But due process does not require that the interested party actually receive the notice. United States v. 51 Pieces of Real Property, 17 F.3d 1306, 1316 (10th Cir.1994). "So long as the government 'acted reasonably in selecting means likely to inform [the] persons affected, ... then it has discharged its burden.' " Id. (quoting Weigner v. City of New York, 852 F.2d 646, 649 (2d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 1005, 109 S.Ct. 785, 102 L.Ed.2d 777 (1989)).

Due process issues, which call for legal conclusions, are subject to de novo review. See Facet Enters. v. NLRB, 907 F.2d 963, 970 (10th Cir.1990). But the question of whether the FBI employed means that were reasonably calculated to provide Clark actual notice is a question of fact, which we review for clear error. See 51 Pieces of Real Property, 17 F.3d at 1316.

Federal district courts have jurisdiction to review whether an administrative forfeiture satisfied due process and statutory requirements. United States v. Woodall, 12 F.3d 791, 793 (8th Cir.1993). Due process attacks on forfeiture proceedings may be pursued in a civil action under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. United States v. Giraldo, 45 F.3d 509, 511 (1st Cir.1995). But the fact that Clark brought his motion in the district court under Rule 41(e) does not defeat the district court's jurisdiction to hear a due process challenge. Giraldo, 45 F.3d at 511. "Where criminal proceedings against the movant have already been completed, a district court should treat a rule 41(e) motion as a civil complaint." Onwubiko v. United States, 969 F.2d 1392, 1397 (2d Cir.1992); United States v. Martinson, 809 F.2d 1364, 1366-67 (9th Cir.1987). As a result, we construe Clark's Rule 41(e) motion liberally, as seeking to invoke the proper remedy.

Although the district court did not make a specific finding that the means employed by the FBI to give Clark notice were reasonable, we can infer such a finding from the district court's ultimate holding that the notice to Clark was constitutionally adequate. See 51 Pieces of Real Property, 17 F.3d at 1316. When the government is aware that an interested party is incarcerated, due process requires the government to make an attempt to serve him with notice in prison. United States v. $184,505.01 in U.S. Currency, 72 F.3d 1160, 1163-64 (3d Cir.1995), petition for cert. filed, 64 U.S.L.W. 3669 (U.S. Mar. 28, 1996) (No. 95-1575); Giraldo, 45 F.3d at 511; Woodall, 12 F.3d at 794. The FBI mailed notice to Clark at the facility where he was incarcerated at the time. Clark admits that he was incarcerated at the Oklahoma County Jail when the FBI sent notice to him there. This means of service, by return-receipt, certified mail, was...