U.S. v. Cook

• Decision Date: 12 November 1981
• Docket Number: No. 81-1543,81-1543
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Gerald COOK, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 808

663 F.2d 808

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Gerald COOK, Appellant.

No. 81-1543.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted Nov. 6, 1981.

Decided Nov. 12, 1981.

Glenn P. Binder, Philip G. Villaume, Saint Paul, Minn., for appellant.

John M. Lee, Janice M. Symchych, Asst. U. S. Attys., Dist. of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn., Gerald Weinrich, Legal Intern, for appellee.

Before GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge, and ROSS and STEPHENSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM.

The sole issue in this appeal is whether a modified Allen ¹ jury instruction, which was given by the district court ² after the jury had deliberated for approximately five and one-half hours over a two-day period, had a sufficiently coercive effect on the jury which convicted appellant Cook so as to constitute plain error. We hold that the instruction was not unduly coercive under the circumstances and did not amount to plain error. We accordingly affirm Cook's conviction.

On March 10, 1981, appellant Gerald Cook, an Indian who resided on the Red Lake Indian Reservation in northern Minnesota, was charged in a three-count indictment with assaulting-as a principal or as an aider and abettor-two federal officers (two Bureau of Indian Affairs police officers) with a shotgun while those officers were performing official duties and wilfully damaging government property at a cost of over $100 by firing a shotgun at a Bureau of Indian Affairs police motor vehicle. The indictment's first two counts, which encompassed the assaults on the Bureau of Indian Affairs police officers, charged violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 111, 1114, 1152 and 2 while count three charged that the infliction of damage to government property violated 18 U.S.C. §§ 1361, 1152 and 2.

A jury trial commenced on April 20, 1981, and the jury rendered guilty verdicts on all three counts on April 23, 1981. Following the jury's guilty verdicts, the district court polled each juror individually and each endorsed the verdicts reached. On May 13, 1981, the district court sentenced Cook to imprisonment of five years on each of the three counts, all of which to run concurrently.

The jury began deliberations at 11:10 A.M. on April 22, 1981. At 2:10 P.M., the jury requested clarification on the concept of aiding and abetting. In response, the district court reconvened the jury and had the court reporter reread the instruction on aiding and abetting which had been initially read to the jury. At 3:45 P.M., the jury asked whether they were required to decide if Cook actually fired the shotgun during the assault or whether Cook "just took part by aiding and abetting in the assault." The jury also sought further explanation of the three counts Cook was charged with. After consultation with counsel, the district court convened the jury once again and stated that Cook was charged with "being the one who committed the assault," but also stated that "a person may also be found guilty of committing the assault by either doing it himself or by willfully aiding and abetting another in the commission of the assault." These two supplemental instructions are not challenged on appeal.

On the second day of jury deliberations, April 23, 1981, at 10:53 A.M., the jury sent the district court the following message: "We cannot come to a unanimous decision." The message also included the numerical figure "10-2" ³ and was signed by the jury's foreperson.

The district court, during a conference in chambers with counsel after the jury message was received, stated that his "inclination would be to call the Jury in and tell them it's too early yet for me (the district judge) to discharge them, and to continue on with their efforts, listen to each other with patience, quietude." Defense counsel stated: "I have no objections to that." The district court then reconvened the jury in the presence of counsel and, after reading the jury's last message to the court, stated:

Well, as I see, you've been debating, discussing the case today about an hour and a half, and yesterday you maybe spent four hours at it, which is about five and a half hours, which is a relatively short time. That's maybe about the average time for jurors to deliberate, maybe a little less. So, I'm going to ask you if you won't go back in and quietly?

Quietly discuss and visit with each other about the case. I guess it's pretty important to listen to each other, different views that others have. I think that's the advantage of the jury system-is hearing your conferees out in what they have to say and discussing it with them. The issues really aren't difficult, the law isn't difficult, but this business of making decisions is hard. That's the toughest part of not only serving as a Juror, but serving as a Judge, too. You have to say Yes or you have to say No. There isn't much room for in-between. There isn't any room for in-between. I think that's true in life. It's hard to make decisions. We're all inclined to want to let someone else make it, or put it off or contemporize about it.

So, I hope after you visit awhile.

I admonish you and I urge you to be attentive to each other and to do your best to see if you can't reach a unanimous verdict.

Thank you. You may be excused.

The jury resumed deliberations at 11:10 A.M. and at 2:00 P.M. on that same day, Thursday, April 23, 1981, the jury found Cook guilty of all three counts charged. The court requested the clerk to poll the jury which was done. Each juror affirmed the verdict. Defense counsel never objected to the supplemental jury instruction and now claims that the giving of the instruction constituted plain error.

Fed.R.Crim.P. 30 states in part that no party "may assign as error any portion of the charge (jury instruction(s)) or omission therefrom unless he objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter to which he objects and the grounds of his objection." See also Hankerson v. North Carolina, 432 U.S. 233, 244 n.8, 97 S.Ct. 2339, 2346 n.8, 53 L.Ed.2d 306 (1977) (" * * * the normal and valid rule (is) that failure to object to a jury instruction is a waiver of any claim of error."); United States v. Luschen, 614 F.2d 1164, 1169 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 446 U.S. 939, 100 S.Ct. 2161, 64 L.Ed.2d 793 (1980) (contention that the district court erred in giving a jury instruction was not preserved for review because defendant Luschen failed to object).

Cook attempts to avoid the application of this rule by claiming the supplemental instruction constituted plain error. See, e. g., United States v. Holy Bear, 624 F.2d 853, 855 (8th Cir. 1980) (a failure to object to jury instructions usually bars appellate review pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 30, unless the alleged defect amounts to plain error under Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b)); United States v. Baykowski, 615 F.2d 767, 772 (8th Cir. 1980) (when an appellant raises an objection to jury instructions for the first time on appeal, such objection comes too late to...