U.S. v. Eiland

• Decision Date: 04 September 1984
• Docket Number: No. 83-2439,83-2439
• Citation: 741 F.2d 738
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kenneth EILAND, Defendant-Appellant. Summary Calendar.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 738

741 F.2d 738

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kenneth EILAND, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 83-2439

Summary Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

Sept. 4, 1984.

Dexter M. Patterson, Woodlands, Tex., for defendant-appellant.

Daniel K. Hedges, U.S. Atty., James R. Gough, Susan L. Yarbrough, Asst. U.S. Attys., Houston, Tex., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before CLARK, Chief Judge, GEE, and JOLLY, Circuit Judges.

CLARK, Chief Judge:

Kenneth Eiland appeals his jury conviction for knowingly receiving stolen money belonging to the United States government. We reverse because the trial judge refused the defendant's request to instruct the jury on his failure to testify.

I

In 1981 and 1982 Paul David Young, an inmate of the Texas Department of Corrections (TDC), prepared and signed approximately fifty income tax returns in the names of other prisoners, including two in Kenneth Eiland's name. Young had attended a tax preparation school and possessed employer identification numbers for about fifteen companies which he used to prepare bogus W-2 forms attached to the returns. The government alleges that Eiland supplied Young with the names, social security numbers, and non-prison addresses of other prisoners necessary for this scheme. The plan produced approximately $12,000 in improper refunds to TDC inmates.

One return which Young completed in Eiland's name claimed a refund of $483.09. A check in that amount was issued to Eiland by the Internal Revenue Service and mailed to Eiland's mother, who endorsed the check and deposited it in her account. She then sent a money order in the same amount, $483.09, to Eiland's inmate account at the TDC.

In a seventy-count indictment filed on June 1, 1982, Eiland, along with fourteen other TDC inmates, was charged under 18 U.S.C. Secs. 2, 641 with participating in a scheme to receive, retain, and convert to his own use stolen money belonging to the United States. Eiland's trial focused solely on the issue of his knowledge of the source of the $483.09. Young's testimony was the only direct evidence on this issue. Under examination Young equivocated as to whether Eiland knew of the false returns and whether he had indeed supplied the information on other prisoners. The government then confronted Young with the transcript of his interview with two IRS agents in May of 1982. The transcript contained Young's definite statements that Eiland knew of the filing of the false return and had provided the personal information used therein, as well as the information on several prisoners for other fraudulent returns. At trial Young claimed that he had been mistaken in many of his 1982 statements because he had been under great emotional stress at the time of the interview.

Eiland's defense consisted of an attack on Young's credibility, especially in the 1982 statements. Eiland's attorney argued that Young had acted independently to obtain this money for the other prisoners, hoping they would use it to pay for his "writ-writing" services.

At the close of trial, the district court properly instructed the jury on the elements of the crime charged and the burden of proof, but omitted any charge on the defendant's failure to testify. The court then retired the jury, but instructed them not to begin deliberations until counsel had an opportunity to object to the instructions. Eiland's counsel objected to the omission of an instruction on his failure to testify, but was overruled.

After several hours of deliberation the jury notified the court that they were hopelessly deadlocked. The judge then gave a supplemental instruction telling the jury that government money obtained through the scheme described in the evidence was stolen money and focusing their attention solely on the issue of whether Eiland knew the money was stolen when he received and retained it.

After several more hours of deliberation the jury reached a guilty verdict. The next day Eiland was sentenced to ten years in prison to be served consecutively to his state sentence.

II

Eiland contends (1) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction, (2) the prosecutor impermissibly commented on his failure to testify, (3) the district court erred in the initial instructions to the jury by refusing the defendant's request for an instruction on his failure to testify, (4) the supplemental instruction was erroneous because the judge commented on the weight of the evidence and failed to make the supplemental charge complete, and (5) the court erred in refusing to delay sentencing.

Rather than filing a regular brief, the government confessed error in the refusal to instruct on the defendant's failure to testify, at the same time stating that Eiland's other contentions were without merit. Because of the double jeopardy implications and the possibility that these errors might recur on retrial, we required full briefing from the government. This brief advanced the following arguments: (1) there was overwhelming evidence of Eiland's guilt; (2) the court's refusal to give the failure to testify instruction was not error because it was not properly requested, and if the refusal was error, it was harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence and the instructions given on the burden of proof; (3) the supplemental charge, which was not objected to at trial, was fair; (4) the prosecutor did not comment on the defendant's failure to testify; and (5) the court properly sentenced defendant.

A

In determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support Eiland's conviction, we examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government and will sustain the jury verdict if supported by substantial evidence. See Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 469, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942). We have stated: "It is not necessary that the evidence exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt, provided a reasonable trier of fact could find that the evidence establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Bell, 678 F.2d 547, 549 (5th Cir.1982) (en banc).

The evidence at trial clearly supports Eiland's conviction. In his 1982 statement to the IRS agents, Young had stated that Eiland took an active part in the plan to file the false return. Although his testimony at trial was more equivocal, the jury reasonably could have found the 1982 statements to be more credible. Such a conclusion would be bolstered by the testimony of an IRS investigator that Eiland, when questioned about where his mother got the $483.09 for the money order, responded that he knew where the money had come from, but would not discuss it without an attorney. A reasonable juror could have concluded, upon this evidence, that Eiland wilfully received money that he knew had been stolen from the United States.

B

We find no merit in Eiland's argument that a statement by the prosecutor during closing argument requires reversal. The context of the prosecutor's remark is as follows:

You had witnesses all along who made this case before Paul Young took the stand. However, if you are to believe the defense attorney and his client, Paul Young told you what Mr. Eiland's motive was. If in fact Paul Young, and we don't represent one way or the other, was doing so-called inmate legal work or jailhouse legal work for the other inmates and had to get paid for it and of course wanted money and devised a way to get the inmate's money, that is it. That is motive.

According to the defense attorney, the motive for Mr. Eiland getting $483.09 in his trust fund account is to pay Mr. Young. May or may not be true. There has been no evidence in this case to indicate Mr. Young received any money. As a matter of fact, he said he did not get any money.

... We have got motive here but it really isn't good motive.

Eiland urges that the highlighted statement constitutes a comment on his failure to testify. He did not object to the remark when made; thus, we are precluded from reviewing this claim unless it constitutes "plain error." Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b); see United States v. Okenfuss, 632 F.2d 483, 485 (5th Cir.1980).

It is well-settled that the government may not comment on a defendant's silence. United States v. Bright, 630 F.2d 804, 825 (5th Cir.1980). Such comment is reversible error when either the prosecutor's intent was to comment on the defendant's failure to testify or the character of the remark was such that the jury would "naturally and necessarily" construe it as a comment on the defendant's silence. United States v. Chisem, 667 F.2d 1192, 1195 (5th Cir.1982).

Here, the prosecutor clearly intended to attack the defense's argument that Young had a motive to file these returns without Eiland's knowledge. The jury could not naturally or necessarily have construed the statement as a comment on Eiland's silence. See Chisem, 667 F.2d at 1195.

C

Eiland is correct in his assertion that a trial judge, if properly requested to do so, must instruct the jury against drawing adverse inferences from the defendant's failure to testify. See Carter v. Kentucky, 450 U.S. 288, 300, 101 S.Ct. 1112, 1119, 67 L.Ed.2d 241 (1981) (instruction required by Fifth Amendment); Bruno v. United States, 308 U.S. 287, 293, 60 S.Ct. 198, 200, 84 L.Ed. 257 (1939) (instruction required by 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3481). The failure to so instruct the jury cannot be dismissed as "technical error." Bruno, 308 U.S. at 293-94, 60 S.Ct. at 200.

His objection ¹ to the omission of this charge had the same effect as a valid request for the instruction. We have cautioned against blindly applying the procedures for requesting or objecting instructions so as to create a "trap for the unwary." United States v. Davis, 583 F.2d 190, 195 (5th Cir.1978). Eiland's objection and the court's response, noted above, clearly preserved the...