U.S.A. v. Harris

• Decision Date: 28 November 2000
• Docket Number: No. 99-6089,99-6089
• Citation: 237 F.3d 585
• Parties: (6th Cir. 2001) United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Ronald Harris, Defendant-Appellant. Argued:
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 585

237 F.3d 585 (6th Cir. 2001)

United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Ronald Harris, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 99-6089

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

Argued: November 28, 2000

Decided and Filed: January 10, 2001

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee at Jackson. No. 99-10002, James D. Todd, District Judge.

April R. Ferguson, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellant.

Richard Leigh Grinalds, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Jackson, Tennessee, for Appellee.

Before: DAUGHTREY and MOORE, Circuit Judges; CLELAND, District Judge^*

OPINION

MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Ronald Harris was convicted of the manufacture, attempt to manufacture, and possession with intent to distribute more than100 grams of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. At sentencing, Harris argued that he should not receive criminal history points for two prior, concurrent sentences because the state paroled him after serving only 18 days of the sentences. In addition, Harris moved for a downward departure in recognition of his "earnest efforts" to assist the government with the investigation of other individuals. The district court overruled Harris's criminal history objection and denied the motion for downward departure. We find no reversible error in connection with the sentencing order and affirm.

To ascertain the appropriate sentence for a convicted offender, the sentencing court commences by determining the appropriate base offense level according to an offender's crimes and then adjusts the offense level for any specific characteristics. United States Sentencing Guidelines §1B1.1(a)-(e) (1998). The sentencing court next examines the offender's past criminal history, if any, and assigns a specific number of points corresponding to the previous criminal conduct. See id., § 1B1.1(f). Finally, the sentencing court, relying upon the calculated offense level and criminal history points, utilizes a uniform sentencing table to delineate the appropriate range of incarceration for the offender. See id., § 1B1.1 (g). The sentencing court, resorting to enumerated or unspecified factors, may depart upward or downward from the sentencing range. See id., § 1B1.1(h) and (i).

In reference to the offender's criminal history points, U.S.S.G. §§ 4A1.1(a) and (b) direct the sentencing court to add three points for each prior sentence of imprisonment exceeding one year and one month, and two points for each "prior sentence" totaling 60 days to 13 months. ("Prior sentence" is defined as "any sentence previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt ... for conduct not part of the instant offense." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(a)(1).) Section 4A1.1(c) instructs the sentencing court to add only one point for a prior sentence not counted in §§ 4A1.1(a) and (b).

In this case, the district court assigned seven criminal history points based upon Harris's three prior convictions. With respect to two of the convictions, which were rendered for crimes that Harris had committed in 1984, a Tennessee state court had sentenced Harris to concurrent three-year terms of imprisonment. Relying upon § 4A1.1(a), the district court assigned Harris three points for each of the two 1984 convictions, despite the fact that Harris had been administratively paroled by the Tennessee Department of Corrections after only 18 days' incarceration. The Department's early parole represented efforts by the State of Tennessee to conform to the dictates of Grubbs v. Bradley, 552 F.Supp. 1052 (M.D. Tenn. 1982), a case in which the federal district court ordered the state to correct the overcrowding within Tennessee's correctional institutions.

Harris argues that the district court erred in assigning him six points for the 1984 sentences, particularly because the guidelines mandate that "[i]f part of a sentence of imprisonment was suspended, 'sentence of imprisonment' refers only to the portion that was not suspended." U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(b)(2). Since the Department paroled Harris after less than three weeks in prison, he maintains that his sentences were 'suspended,' and thus the district court should have only counted the 18 days that he actually served on his convictions. Because the guidelines provide that a sentence totaling less than 13 months imprisonment, and imposed more than ten years prior to the defendant's commencement of the instant offense, is not counted for the purposes of criminal history, see id., § 4A1.2(e), and because the instant offenses were committed 14 years after his administrative parole, Harris argues that the district court should have disregarded the 1984 sentences and assigned him only one criminal history point.

The district court decided that Harris's parole did not have "the legal effect of a suspension of sentence," and thus the court opted to count the entire sentencing period against him.

On appeal, the government directs our attention to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(b)(1), which provides that the term 'sentence of imprisonment' "refers to the maximum sentence imposed." More succinctly, "[f]or the purposes of applying §4A1.1(a)..., the length of a sentence of imprisonment is the stated maximum (e.g. ... in the case of an indeterminate sentence of one to five years, the stated maximum is five years...)." See id., § 4A1.2 cmt. 2. "That is, criminal history points are based on the sentence pronounced, not the length of time actually served." Id. (citing U.S.S.G. §§4A1.2(b)(1) and (2)). The government asks us to enforce the plain meaning of these provisions and hold that Harris's 1984 sentences of imprisonment, for purposes of criminal history calculation, were three years each, not 18 days. The government, however, fails to acknowledge that the guideline provisions it cites, which directs the sentencing court to weigh the "stated maximum" of the "pronounced" sentence, appear to conflict with § 4A1.2(b)(2), which directs the sentencing court to count only the portion of a sentence that was not "suspended."

The Third Circuit recognized as much in United States v. Tabaka, 982 F.2d 100 (1992). There, the district court convicted the defendant for narcotics distribution and filing false tax returns. When calculating the defendant's criminal history points, the district court, pursuant to § 4A1.1(a), assigned him three points for a prior, indeterminate state-court sentence of 48 hours to 15 months. It was revealed, however, that after 48 hours of the sentence had elapsed, the state court suspended the defendant's sentence and granted him parole on the unexpired portion of the maximum term of imprisonment. Id. at 101. Because of this suspension, the defendant, pursuant to § 4A1.2(b)(2), objected to the district court's calculation of his criminal history points, arguing that he deserved only one criminal history point because the sentence had been suspended. The Third Circuit, invoking the "plain wording of the Guidelines," held that § 4A1.2(b)(2) applied to the defendant's circumstances and allowed the addition of only one point to the criminal history calculation because most of the defendant's sentence had been suspended. Id. at 103. Acknowledging an apparent conflict between §4A1.2(b)(2) and § 4A1.2 cmt. 2, the Third Circuit explained that "'[w]here there is ambiguity in a criminal statute, doubts are resolved in favor of defendant.'" Id. (quoting United States v. Mobley, 956 F.2d 450, 452 (3rd Cir. 1992)) (alteration in original).

In the case at bar, however, we need not address the ambiguity in the provisions, because Harris's sentences were not "suspended" for purposes of § 4A1.2(b)(2). This conclusion stems from the requisite interpretation of the term "suspended" sentence in the guidelines.

The case of United States v. Jones, supra, provides relevant rules and principles for interpreting guideline terms in the context of this case. For example, relying upon state law to define terms in the guidelines constitutes a "clear misapplication of the law," Jones, 107 F.3d at 1163 (citing Dickerson v. New Banner Inst., Inc., 460 U.S. 103, 119 (1983);United States v. Kirby, 893 F.2d 867, 868 (6th Cir. 1990)), and contravenes "one of the very purposes of the sentencing guidelines--uniformity." Id. Furthermore, the court may rely upon other sections of the guidelines for interpretation of the relevant term, with the caveat that "'definitions [of terms in other sections of the guidelines] are not designed for general applicability; therefore, their applicability to sections other than those expressly referenced must be determined on a case by case basis.'" Id. at 1164 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1 cmt. 2) (alteration in original). Applying these principles, we conclude that use of the term "suspended sentence" in another guideline section is appropriately invoked in the context of this case. Significantly, it further appears that the State of Tennessee's treatment of this issue would not produce a different result.

As noted in U.S.S.G. ch. 7 pt. A(2)(a), "[t]he statutory authority to 'suspend' the imposition or execution of sentence in order to impose a term of probation was abolished upon implementation of the sentencing guidelines."¹ That statutory authority permitted the following practice:

Upon entering a judgment of conviction of any offense not punishable by death or life imprisonment, any court having jurisdiction to try offenses against the United States when satisfied that the ends of justice and the best interest of the public as well as the defendants will be served thereby, may suspend the imposition or execution of sentence and place the defendant on probation for such period and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems best.

Act of June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 842 (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. § 3651), repealed by Sentencing Reform Act, Pub. L. 98-473, §§ 212(a)...