U.S. v. Hato Rey Bldg. Co., Inc., 87-1671

• Decision Date: 02 March 1989
• Docket Number: No. 87-1671,87-1671
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. HATO REY BUILDING COMPANY, INC., Defendant, Appellant. . Heard
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

Page 448

886 F.2d 448

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, Appellee, v. HATO REY BUILDING COMPANY, INC., Defendant, Appellant.

No. 87-1671.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Heard March 2, 1989.

Decided Sept. 27, 1989.

Hiram Martinez Lopez with whom Edda Ivette Rodriguez, San Juan, and Hiram Martinez Lopez Law Offices were on brief, for defendant, appellant.

Sarah P. Robinson, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., with whom Donald A. Carr, Acting Asst. Atty. Gen., Daniel F. Lopez-Romo, U.S. Atty., San Juan, P.R., Fidel A. Sevillano Del Rio, Asst. U.S. Atty., and Dirk D. Snel, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., were on brief, for plaintiff, appellee.

Before TORRUELLA and SELYA, Circuit Judges, and CAFFREY, ^* Senior District Judge.

TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.

Defendant appeals a judgment of the district court which quieted title to a parcel of land in favor of plaintiff, the United States. Although the facts are set out fully in the district court's opinion, 660 F.Supp. 1340 (D.P.R.1987), we will restate those that are relevant to this appeal.

In the late 1930s the United States Department of Agriculture ("the Department") decided to acquire certain lands in the Municipality of Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, for incorporation into the Caribbean National Forest. A survey was conducted of the property to be acquired, known as "tract No. 13." Before the transaction was effected, the Department became aware that the heirs of Tomas Salgado ("the Salgados") had claims to a portion of tract No. 13. This parcel of land, identified as tract No. 17, became the subject of the present controversy.

On February 2, 1938, the Salgados appeared before an attorney for the government and subscribed a sworn statement to the effect that they were not the owners of tract No. 17. Later that same year the Department acquired tract No. 13 (which purportedly included tract No. 17). A certified copy of the deed of sale was duly recorded in the Registry of the Property of Puerto Rico.

There seems to be no dispute as to the fact that at all times after 1938 ownership of tract No. 13 has been recorded at the Registry of the Property of Puerto Rico in favor of the United States. At the Registry, however, there appears a property recorded in favor of defendant Hato Rey Building Co., Inc. ("Hato Rey"). The origin, transactions, and records concerning this property, although not entirely clear, appear to be as follows.

In 1913, a property, known as No. 158, was acquired by Manuel Pimentel and his wife. The transaction was duly recorded at the Registry of the Property. When the Pimentels died, the property was acquired by their heirs through a deed. Pimentel's heirs in turn sold the property to Tomas Salgado. Salgado then sold the property in 1931 to his sons and daughter. These buyers are the same ones who had relinquished title to tract No. 17. None of these transactions were recorded at the Registry. Thus, property No. 158 remained recorded at the Registry in favor of the Pimentels.

Instead of recording the previous three transactions so as to establish continuity of title to property No. 158, in 1951 the Salgados filed an action before the district court of San Juan to register the parcel as if it had not ever been recorded at the Registry. ¹ The court ordered the registration of the property in favor of the Salgados and the Registrar recorded in their favor a new property, property No. 1864. It is not clear from the record whether properties Nos. 1864 and 158 are one and the same.

Once the Salgados were the Registry owners of property No. 1864, they sold it to a third party which in turn sold it to another third party. After several transactions over a period of 10 to 15 years, the property finally appeared recorded at the Registry in favor of Hato Rey, who apparently had purchased it in good faith.

Hato Rey now claims an interest in tract No. 17 based on their recorded title in property No. 1864. The district court, however, found that tract No. 17 and property No. 1864 are different parcels of land. Because only the United States has a recorded title in tract No. 17, the court held for plaintiff. The court added that even if both properties were indeed one and the same, Hato Rey could not gain ownership of the parcel because real estate cannot be acquired by adverse possession against the sovereign.

On appeal, Hato Rey's initial argument is that property No. 1864 is indeed within tract No. 17. ² We need not disturb the court's finding that tract No. 17 is not property No. 1864. Even if both the United States and Hato Rey had registered titles to tract No. 17, it is undisputed that the United States recorded its title prior to the Salgados. Under Puerto Rico Civil Code art. 1849, 31 L.P.R.A. Sec. 5270 (1968), the ordinary prescription of property rights against title recorded in the Registry of the Property can only be attained by virtue of another similarly recorded title. Thus, the United States is the rightful owner of the property unless Hato Rey proves adverse possession. This takes us to the real issue in this case: can Hato Rey gain title to the property through adverse possession against the United States?

We hold that the United States cannot be stripped of its recorded title to the property by Hato Rey. The public policy embodied in the maxim nullum tempus occurrit regi (time does not run against the King) excludes the operation of adverse possession against the United States. See United States v. Thompson, 98 U.S. 486, 25 L.Ed. 194 (1879). This principle has been explained by the Supreme Court as follows: "When the United States becomes entitled to a claim, acting in its governmental capacity, and asserts its claim in that right, it cannot be deemed to have abdicated its governmental authority so as to become subject to a state statute putting a time limit upon enforcement." United States v. Summerlin, 310 U.S. 414, 417, 60 S.Ct. 1019, 1020, 84 L.Ed. 1283 (1940). See Texas v. Louisiana, 410 U.S. 702, 93 S.Ct. 1215, 35 L.Ed.2d 646 (1973); United States v. California, 332 U.S. 19, 67 S.Ct. 1658, 91 L.Ed. 1889 (1947); United States v. Pappas, 814 F.2d 1342 (9th Cir.1987); United States v. Stubbs, 776 F.2d 1472 (10th Cir.1985); United States v. 1,629.6 Acres of Land, 503 F.2d 764 (3d Cir.1974); Engel v. United States, 258 F.2d 50 (6th Cir.1958).

To escape from the overwhelming authority that supports the United States' position, Hato Rey contends that under Section 8 of the Organic (Foraker) Act, 31 Stat. 77 (1900), the United States expressly elected to be ruled and subjected to the laws relating to private property in Puerto Rico. ³ Porto Rico v. Fortuna Estates, 279 F. 500 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 259 U.S. 587, 42 S.Ct. 590, 66 L.Ed. 1077 (1922).

In Fortuna Estates, the government of Puerto Rico brought an action of ejectment against the possessor of a certain parcel of land. Defendant claimed, inter alia, that it had acquired title to the land in dispute through adverse possession. The government maintained that inasmuch as the United States ⁴ acquired the land from Spain on April 11, 1899 by the Treaty of Paris, the prescription period was tolled, as prescription will not run against the United States.

The court held that in this particular instance the United States had sanctioned the acquisition of property...