U.S. v. Holloway

• Decision Date: 13 April 1984
• Docket Number: 83-1500,Nos. 83-1490,s. 83-1490
• Citation: 731 F.2d 378
• Parties: 15 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 110 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Quema HOLLOWAY (83-1490), Eddy Roger Connor (83-1500), Defendants-Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 378

731 F.2d 378

15 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 110

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Quema HOLLOWAY (83-1490), Eddy Roger Connor (83-1500) Defendants-Appellants.

Nos. 83-1490, 83-1500.

United States Court of Appeals Sixth Circuit.

Argued Jan. 18, 1984.

Decided April 13, 1984.

Kenneth T. Saukas, argued, Grand Rapids, Mich., for Holloway.

John A. Smietanka, U.S. Atty., Jeanine Nemesi LaVille, argued, Grand Rapids, Mich., for U.S.

James L. Koetje, argued, Grand Rapids, Mich., for Connor.

Before ENGEL, MARTIN and CONTIE, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant Eddy Roger Connor appeals his conviction on one count and defendant Quema Holloway appeals her conviction on two counts of making and presenting fraudulent tax refund checks to the Department of the Treasury in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 287. We affirm the conviction of Eddy Roger Connor and remand Quema Holloway's case to the district court for further proceedings.

It is undisputed that various inmates of the Florida State Prison filed or caused to be filed false federal income tax returns which indicated their entitlement to refunds. These tax returns provided that the refunds were to be sent to persons outside of the prison, who would later negotiate the refund checks and distribute the proceeds. It is also undisputed that the IRS sent some of these checks to Quema Holloway who, pursuant to the requests of various inmates, negotiated the checks and distributed the proceeds for a commission in accordance with each prisoner's instructions.

The record indicates that a 1979 income tax return and supporting W-2 forms were filed in the name of Eddy R. Connor claiming a refund due of $1,953.76. The address listed on the return was "c/o Marlette, Rte. # 2, Blanchard, Michigan 49310." The refund check was mailed to that address and cashed by Quema Holloway at the Blanchard State Bank. The following year, a 1980 income tax return and supporting W-2 forms were filed in the name of Charles Daniels claiming a refund due of $1,501.20. That refund check was also cashed by Quema Holloway at the Blanchard State Bank. The record indicates that both Connor and Daniels were inmates at the Florida State Prison. The record also contains a letter, signed "Ed Connor," which was found among Holloway's personal papers. The letter instructed Holloway on how to distribute the $1,953.76 refund check.

Charles Daniel testified at trial that he was asked by another inmate to participate in a scheme to collect money from the Internal Revenue Service. When Daniel agreed, he was told to obtain an outside address to which a check could be sent. Daniel then approached yet another inmate, Mickey Scarborough, and asked him to provide an outside address. Scarborough gave Holloway's address to Daniel and made other statements to the effect that Holloway was a knowing participant in the refund check scheme.

Defendant Holloway testified at trial that she had cashed checks for Connor and Daniels, but that she had no knowledge that she was participating in a scheme to defraud the government. On cross-examination, she stated that she knew the prisoners were not entitled to receive tax refunds, but said she did not know the checks she cashed were tax refunds. Defendant Connor did not testify. Following trial, Defendant Connor was convicted on one count and Defendant Holloway was convicted on two counts of presenting fraudulent tax returns to the Department of the Treasury. 18 U.S.C. Sec. 287. Both defendants appeal.

EDDY ROGER CONNOR

Connor initially contends that he was denied a fair trial when the court permitted the government's handwriting expert to authenticate the letter in which Connor instructs Holloway on how to distribute the proceeds of the $1,953.76 refund check. Connor argues that this expert testimony was admitted in violation of a pre-trial order which states that no scientific tests would be employed by the government. Connor further contends that he was prejudiced by this surprise testimony because he did not have the opportunity to obtain an expert witness to rebut the government's witness.

This argument is meritless. While the Pretrial Conference Summary Order does provide that "[t]here are not any scientific tests," it also states that "[a]ny test results found will be provided defense" (emphasis added). This order, filed one and one-half months prior to trial, should have put the defense on notice that the government retained the option of performing scientific tests at a later date. Moreover, when the government's attorney informed defense counsel one week prior to trial that it planned to use an expert witness, defense counsel failed to ask for a continuance in order to obtain his own expert witness. Under these circumstances, we find no error in the admission of the government expert's testimony. See United States v. Russo, 480 F.2d 1228, 1243 (6th Cir.1973), cert. denied 414 U.S. 1157, 94 S.Ct. 915, 39 L.Ed.2d 109 (1974).

Connor also objects to the jury instruction that the knowledge of falsehood element in 18 U.S.C. Sec. 287 may be inferred from "proof that the defendant deliberately closed his eyes or her eyes to what would otherwise have been obvious to him or her." While the defendant maintains that the knowledge element may be satisfied only upon a showing that the defendant had "a certain and clear perception of the falsity of the claim made," this circuit has repeatedly upheld the district court's knowledge instruction on the basis that it prevents a criminal defendant from escaping conviction merely by deliberately closing his eyes to the obvious risk that he is engaging in unlawful conduct. See United States v. Gullett, 713 F.2d 1203, 1212 (6th Cir.1983); United States v. Seelig, 622 F.2d 207, 213 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 869, 101 S.Ct. 206, 66 L.Ed.2d 89 (1980); Accordingly, we hold that the instruction on deliberate ignorance was not erroneous.

Connor's final argument is that the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal. Fed.R.Crim.P. 29(c). In deciding whether evidence is sufficient to withstand a motion for an acquittal, we must view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the government. United States v. S. & Vee Cartage Co., 704 F.2d 914, 921 (6th Cir.1983). If the evidence is such that a reasonable mind might fairly find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the denial of defendant's motion for acquittal...