U.S. v. Lopez

• Decision Date: 23 January 1978
• Docket Number: No. 76-2039,76-2039
• Citation: 575 F.2d 681
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Raymond Nelson LOPEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 681

575 F.2d 681

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Raymond Nelson LOPEZ, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 76-2039.

United States Court of Appeals,

Ninth Circuit.

Jan. 23, 1978.

Rehearing Denied March 22, 1978.

Jo Ann D. Diamos, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Tucson, Ariz., for defendant-appellant.

Christopher L. Pickrell, Asst. U. S. Atty., Tucson, Ariz., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.

Before HUFSTEDLER and WALLACE, Circuit Judges, and WATERS, ^* District Judge.

WALLACE, Circuit Judge:

Raymond Lopez, a Papago Indian, was charged with second degree murder, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153, 1111, in the shooting death of his brother, William. Lopez pleaded not guilty and, following a jury trial, was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, a lesser included offense. He presents five issues for review: (1) whether a reference by the prosecutor in the opening statement to inadmissible evidence should have been grounds for a mistrial; (2) whether it was error for the trial judge to refuse to instruct the jury on specific intent and intoxication; (3) whether reference by the prosecutor in his closing statement to defendant's post-arrest silence requires reversal; (4) whether a mistake by the court reporter foreclosed defendant's presentation of a self-defense theory; and (5) whether the jury based its verdict on sufficient evidence. We affirm.

The shooting took place on the evening of February 28, 1976, on the Papago Indian Reservation. Members of the Lopez family and some of their friends had been drinking heavily for some time when an argument apparently erupted between the brothers in the family home. Raymond stepped outside and called William to come out. Despite his mother's attempts to prevent him from doing so, William complied. Mrs. Lopez closed the door and moments later the family heard a gunshot. Reopening the door, they found Raymond standing several feet from William who had fallen to the ground. Raymond gave his gun to his father who accompanied Raymond to the highway in order to report the shooting. A reservation policeman transported the men back to the Lopez home and radioed for help. Raymond was arrested and taken to the local jail. The following day, an FBI agent arrived to transport Raymond to the county jail. He read Raymond his Miranda rights, and Raymond signed a waiver. Raymond then answered the agent's questions regarding his background and the purchase of the gun.

I

In his opening statement, the prosecutor told the jury that he would produce a witness who would testify that William told her immediately prior to the shooting that he was afraid of Raymond because Raymond had earlier made threats against his life. Lopez's attorney objected, contending that the promised testimony would be inadmissible hearsay. The district judge responded immediately and stated that he would rule on the objection when the testimony was offered. He carefully cautioned the jury that what they were hearing was not evidence but "merely an opening statement," and that they should base their verdict only upon the evidence. After the prosecutor finished his opening statement, the district judge called counsel to the bench and cautioned the prosecutor that unless he could point out an applicable exception to the hearsay rule, the threat testimony would be inadmissible. Lopez's counsel stated:

And I think they are in a mistrial area because they are prejudicial. That's what I wanted to bring out, Your Honor, and creates an impression upon the jury that no words are going to erase.

The prosecutor then indicated that he believed there was a valid exception which would enable him to introduce the evidence, possibly the state of mind exception, Rule 803(3), Federal Rules of Evidence. During trial, however, no attempt was made to introduce the controversial statement. A motion for mistrial was finally made after all the evidence was in. The district judge denied the motion on the basis of timeliness and because "I have more faith in juries than that." Lopez now argues that the judge's denial of the motion for mistrial was error. We disagree.

We may assume, without deciding the question, that the state of mind exception is inapplicable here. ¹ Nevertheless, we conclude that the prosecutor's statement does not amount to reversible error. The first ground for denying the motion for a mistrial was that it was too late. We agree. The motion should have been made at the time the prosecutor made the statement. The district judge was then in the best position to take any necessary further curative action. In addition, if a mistrial had been warranted, ordering it at that juncture would have entailed but a relatively small waste of court and jury time. However, the statement of defense counsel made at the time "I think they are in a mistrial area" did not amount to a motion; at best it is a complaint about the conduct of the prosecutor. That is insufficient. Motions for mistrial must be specific as to their bases in order to be valid; accordingly, the failure to grant equivocal motions cannot be cited as error on appeal. See, e. g., Cook v. United States, 354 F.2d 529, 531-32 (9th Cir. 1965). If the rule were otherwise, a party who did not really desire to start afresh could make an offhand comment knowing no action would be taken and then, if unsuccessful in the trial, complain on appeal that the "motion" should have been granted.

There are additional reasons why the district judge properly denied the mistrial motion. First, as pointed out above, the judge promptly admonished the jury that the opening statements are not evidence. Clearly, the jury did not accept this statement as evidence. The threat testimony was relevant only as to the existence of malice aforethought. The jury, by its verdict of voluntary manslaughter, demonstrated its disbelief that the killing was caused by any malice. The prosecutor's reference to the inadmissible evidence, therefore, could not have had a material effect on the jury's verdict. See United States v. Valle-Valdez, 554 F.2d 911, 913-915 (9th Cir. 1977).

Second, testimony to the same effect as the prosecutor's statement was admitted without objection during the cross-examination of the mother of the two boys. That evidence of a prior threat to kill was properly before the jury. Under these circumstances, the statement by the prosecutor was not reversible error. Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731, 89 S.Ct. 1420, 22 L.Ed.2d 684 (1969); Cook v. United States, supra, 354 F.2d 529.

II

Lopez next alleges that it was reversible error for the trial judge to refuse to give proposed jury instructions on specific intent and voluntary intoxication. Lopez was charged with second degree murder and convicted of voluntary manslaughter, both of which require only general intent. "(T)he so-called 'exculpatory' rule, under which drunkenness may be taken into account to show that a particular state of mind . . . was not present" applies only to first degree murder, a specific intent crime. Kane v. United States, 399 F.2d 730, 736 (9th Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1057, 89 S.Ct. 698, 21 L.Ed.2d 699 (1969). Therefore neither proposed instruction was applicable.

III

In his closing argument, the prosecutor responded to defense claims that the shooting was not intentional by commenting on Lopez's failure to explain to the arresting officers that the shooting was an accident. He stated:

The remark made by the defendant, apparently to his mother when she said why did you do it and he said: I didn't mean to, he started it, or something along those lines. If anything, perhaps this shows this was the beginning of some remorse. He killed his brother by pointing the gun at him when all the brother had done was start to walk at him. And then the gravity of this begins to sink in, although he didn't seem to be too remorseful the next day when Agent Freking was driving here to Tucson when he was laughing at jokes or whatever. So in any event, this is a likely or possible explanation for this. And in view of the fact he never told any of the other agents that it was an accident or that William was the cause of this, I submit to you it is pretty suspicious or it is unlikely this is the real explanation here. If it really was an accident, why didn't he protest his innocence, why didn't he protest and say: Wait a minute, this was an accident. Why didn't he stay home and say I had no reason to turn myself in. Those were his words to Ken Freking. He realized he had to go turn himself in. Would he have felt the same way if it was just an accident? I say no.

The Supreme Court has held "that the use for impeachment purposes of (a defendant's) silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda warnings, violate(s) the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 2245, 49 L.Ed.2d 91 (1976); see also, United States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171, 95 S.Ct. 2133, 45 L.Ed.2d 99 (1975) (use of post-warnings silence for impeachment purposes held reversible error on general ground that silence lacked sufficient probative value).

In the present case, however, no objection was made to the prosecutor's reference to Lopez's silence and no curative instruction was requested regarding the improper statement. Our threshold inquiry, therefore, is whether the prosecutor's conduct amounts to plain error which we may review even absent a timely objection. Rule 52(b), Fed.R.Crim.P.; see, On Lee v. United States, 343 U.S. 747, 750 n.3, 72 S.Ct. 967, 96 L.Ed. 1270 (1952); Kohatsu v. United States, 351 F.2d 898, 901 n.4 (9th Cir. 1965).

It can be argued that errors with constitutional implications should be deemed per se plain error. See United States v. Arnold, 425 F.2d 204, 206 (10th Cir. 1970). We need not decide today the merits of this assertion. We do believe, however, that the error complained of here is "plain" and may...