U.S. v. Menard, 96-1128

• Decision Date: 06 September 1996
• Docket Number: No. 96-1128,96-1128
• Citation: 95 F.3d 9
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael D. MENARD, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 9

95 F.3d 9

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael D. MENARD, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 96-1128.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eighth Circuit.

Submitted May 14, 1996.

Decided Sept. 6, 1996.

Nicholas Drees, Des Moines, IA, argued, for appellant.

Michael M. Hobart, Asst. U.S. Atty., Sioux City, IA, argued, for appellee.

Before McMILLIAN, FAGG, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

After Michael D. Menard pleaded guilty to possessing methamphetamine with intent to distribute and to using or carrying a firearm in relation to a drug offense, the district court ¹ sentenced him to two consecutive sixty-month prison terms. Menard appeals, contesting only the court's earlier denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized during a traffic stop. United States v. Menard, 898 F.Supp. 1317 (N.D.Iowa 1995). He argues that police searched him for weapons solely because they found a concealed weapon on the vehicle's other passenger, a search that is invalid under United States v. Flett, 806 F.2d 823 (8th Cir.1986). We affirm.

Shortly before 2:00 a.m. on May 2, 1995, Police Officer Hawley stopped an automobile that failed to dim its headlights on Highway 71 just outside of Spencer, Iowa. Hawley recognized Michael Walker, one of the two passengers, from a previous narcotics arrest, and had information from an Iowa drug task force that Walker used drugs and might be involved in drug sales. Hawley asked the driver, Lisa Jensen, if he could search the auto, and she consented. Jensen, Walker, and Menard, the other passenger, then exited and stood toward the rear of the auto while Hawley conducted his search.

Before Hawley completed the search, Officer Larsen arrived on the scene to assist. When Larsen learned Walker's identity, he reminded Hawley of a recent "Officer Safety Warning" bulletin advising that the Clay County Sheriff's Department had information that Walker carried an automatic pistol. Hawley did a pat-down search of Walker, found a loaded .32 caliber handgun, and arrested Walker for carrying a concealed weapon. Officer Larsen then asked Menard if he was carrying a gun. When Menard said no, Officer Larsen said he would do a pat-down search. Menard then admitted that he was carrying a .410 caliber handgun and handed the weapon to Larsen. Menard was arrested, and a post-arrest search revealed that he was carrying ten small plastic bags of methamphetamine.

Following the suppression hearing at which Hawley and Larsen testified, the district court concluded that it was reasonable for the officers to take action to protect their safety, and that "the pat-down search of Menard, once the weapon was found on Walker, was the least intrusive method to determine rapidly whether any further weapons were in the hands of anyone else involved in the stop." 898 F.Supp. at 1333. Therefore, the court denied Menard's motion to suppress.

On appeal, Menard concedes that Officer Hawley lawfully stopped the auto for a minor traffic violation, see Iowa Code Ann. § 321.415(1), ² that Hawley properly searched the auto with driver Jensen's consent, and that the pat-down search of Walker was reasonable. However, Menard argues, the officers had no reason to suspect that he was armed or dangerous. Therefore, the decision to subject him to a pat-down search was based upon his association with Walker and violates the "particularized suspicion" requirement of Flett and Ybarra v. Illinois, 444 U.S. 85, 100 S.Ct. 338, 62 L.Ed.2d 238 (1979). We disagree.

A police officer who has legitimate contact with another person, and who has reason to believe that person may be armed and dangerous, may conduct a pat-down search to protect officer safety, regardless of whether there is also probable cause to arrest. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 27, 32-33, 88 S.Ct. at 1883, 1885-86 (Harlan, J., concurring), 34-35 (White, J., concurring). This case illustrates a recurring protective search issue: when police have probable cause to arrest one member of a group, is it reasonable for them to conduct pat-down searches of other members of the group to protect officer safety? Although some circuits have held that all companions of an arrestee may automatically be frisked for weapons, see United States v. Berryhill, 445 F.2d 1189, 1193 (9th Cir.1971), we rejected that rule in Flett, applying instead the Fourth Amendment's traditional, totality-of-the-circumstances analysis. It is relevant that one member of a group has been arrested, but that does not automatically give rise to a reasonable suspicion that the others may be armed and dangerous. See 806 F.2d at 827.

In this case, Officer Hawley stopped an auto for a traffic violation at 2:00 a.m. on a relatively deserted highway. Hawley was outnumbered by the auto's occupants. When he recognized one passenger as a possible drug trafficker, he obtained consent to search the car. The Supreme Court has frequently noted the inherent danger traffic stops pose to police officers and the consequent likelihood that minimally intrusive weapons searches will be reasonable. See Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1047-50, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 3479-81, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983); Foley v. Connelie, 435 U.S. 291, 298, 98 S.Ct. 1067, 1072, 55 L.Ed.2d 287 (1978); Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 109-10, 98 S.Ct. 330, 332-33, 54 L.Ed.2d 331 (1977); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 148, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1924, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). Thus, Officer Hawley could have reasonably conducted pat-down searches of Walker and Menard as they exited the auto, so that Hawley could complete his search without fear that its occupants would prove to be armed and dangerous should contraband be discovered. See United States v. Douglas, 964 F.2d 738, 741 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Brown, 913 F.2d 570, 572 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1016, 111 S.Ct. 590, 112 L.Ed.2d 594 (1990); United States v. Whitfield, 907 F.2d 798 (8th Cir.1990); cf. United States v. Jones, 759 F.2d 633, 640 n. 10 (8th Cir.) (129 officers killed pursuing and stopping traffic violators in the ten years ending in 1983), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 837, 106 S.Ct. 113, 88 L.Ed.2d 92 (1985). Menard argues that Hawley evidenced little if any concern for his safety while searching the auto before Officer Larsen arrived. However, Fourth Amendment reasonableness does not require "that a policeman must feel 'scared' by the threat of danger." United States v. Tharpe, 536 F.2d 1098, 1101 (5th Cir.1976) (en banc). ³

Hawley did not pat down Walker and Menard as they exited the auto. Indeed, Walker was not searched until Officer Larsen arrived and reminded Hawley of the Officer Safety Warning. Menard argues that this delay confirms that there was no particularized suspicion to frisk him, but this ignores the realities of the situation. Finding a gun on Walker and arresting him heightened the threat to officer safety because an armed associate of Walker might use force to free him. See United States v. Simpson, 992 F.2d 1224, 1227 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, ...