U.S. v. Soliman
| Decision Date | 25 March 1987 |
| Docket Number | No. 86-5109,86-5109 |
| Citation | 813 F.2d 277 |
| Parties | 22 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1264 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Gerges SOLIMAN, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
Daryl L. Smith, Beverly Hills, Cal., for defendant-appellant.
David W. Wiechert, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Before T. SNEED, FARRIS and NOONAN, Circuit Judges.
Gerges Soliman began working for United Insurance Company in 1973 as a sales agent. In 1976 he became a sales manager. From 1980 to July 1983 William Ekaireb, one of the sales agents whom Soliman supervised, was engaged in a mail fraud scheme that involved forging death certificates and collecting insurance proceeds under lapsed insurance policies. Ekaireb was subsequently convicted of mail fraud.
In 1986 Soliman was indicted on three counts of mail fraud and two counts of interstate transportation of property taken by fraud. All of the events alleged in the indictment occurred during the period when Soliman was Ekaireb's supervisor. At trial, the Government introduced a summary chart that described 102 fraudulent insurance claims that Ekaireb had submitted during the period in question. It was admitted over Soliman's objections. The trial court rejected his argument that the summary chart was inadmissible evidence of "other crimes" under Fed.R.Evid. 404(b). Soliman then requested a limiting instruction on a theory that the summary chart was evidence of intent and knowledge only, and not of guilt. That request was denied. Soliman was convicted on April 14, 1986, and was sentenced on May 15, 1986.
Whether the summary chart was "other crimes" evidence within the meaning of Fed.R.Evid. 404(b) is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. See United States v. McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1201 (9th Cir.1984) (en banc). The district court's decision to admit the summary chart into evidence without giving a limiting instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Campbell, 774 F.2d 354, 356 (9th Cir.1985); United States v. Soulard, 730 F.2d 1292, 1302 (9th Cir.1984).
We consider (1) whether the summary chart was "other crimes" evidence within the meaning of Fed.R.Evid. 404(b), and (2) if the chart was "other crimes" evidence, whether the district court abused its discretion by failing to give the requested limiting instruction.
Soliman's argument is premised on the assumption that the summary chart was "other crimes" evidence within the meaning of Fed.R.Evid. 404(b). Such evidence is admissible to show such things as a defendant's intent, knowledge, or motive, but not as direct evidence of guilt. Soliman argues that the district court abused its discretion by admitting the summary chart into evidence without instructing the jury as to the chart's limited evidentiary significance.
The Government's argument that the summary chart was direct evidence is compelling. To prove the mail fraud counts, the Government had to show the existence of a scheme of mail fraud activity and Soliman's connection to that scheme. See Pereira v. United States, 347 U.S. 1, 8, 74 S.Ct. 358, 362, 98 L.Ed. 435 (1954). The indictment alleges the existence of, and Soliman's connection to, such a scheme. The Government's argument is especially persuasive in view of (1) the fact that Soliman supervised Ekaireb during the period when Ekaireb was engaging in his mail fraud activities, (2) the close similarity between the mail fraud offenses with which Soliman and Ekaireb were charged, and (3) the proximity in both time and space between Ekaireb's mail fraud activities and the mail fraud offenses with which Soliman was charged. See Campbell, 774 F.2d at 356; United States v. Lester, 749 F.2d 1288, 1299-1300 (9th Cir.1984); United States v. Bernal, 719 F.2d 1475, 1478 (9th Cir.1983).
Evidence should not be treated as "other crimes" evidence when "the evidence concerning the ['other'] act and the evidence concerning the crime charged are inextricably intertwined." United States v. Aleman, 592 F.2d 881, 885 (5th Cir.1979). See also 22 C. Wright & K. Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure Sec. 5239 at 441 (1978). In addition, "[t]he policies underlying the rule are simply inapplicable when some offenses committed in a single criminal episode become 'other acts' because the defendant is indicted for less than all of his actions." Aleman, 592 F.2d at...
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