United States v. Theis
Decision Date | 11 April 2017 |
Docket Number | No. 16-3058,16-3058 |
Citation | 853 F.3d 1178 |
Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. Kenneth THEIS, Defendant–Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit |
Submitted on the briefs:*
John Jenab, Jenab Law Firm, P.A., Olathe, Kansas, for Defendant–Appellant.
Thomas E. Beall, Acting United States Attorney, and Carrie N. Capwell, Assistant United States Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Kansas City, Kansas, for Plaintiff–Appellee.
Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.
Kenneth Theis appeals his conviction and sentence for attempted sexual exploitation of a child. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
Theis used hidden cell phones to secretly record his girlfriend's eleven-year-old daughter while she showered and used the toilet. He transferred the recordings to his computer and created still images, some of which focused on her genital and pubic area. As a result, Theis was indicted on two counts of attempted sexual exploitation of a child in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) & (e), which provides that any person "who employs, uses, persuades, induces, entices, or coerces any minor to engage in ... any sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such conduct ... shall be punished...." § 2251(a).
The operative facts were undisputed. However, Theis filed a motion to dismiss the indictment arguing the facts were insufficient to establish an offense under the statute. He asserted that § 2251(a) requires a causal, interactive relationship between the defendant and the minor, and that his conduct—which amounted to mere voyeurism—was insufficient to establish a violation of the statute. The district court denied the motion. After a bench trial, the court denied Theis' motion for judgment of acquittal, found him guilty of both charges, and sentenced him to 292 months in prison. Theis timely appealed his conviction and sentence, arguing: (1) the district court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the indictment; (2) there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction; and (3) the district court committed plain error by denying him a meaningful opportunity to allocute. We reject these arguments and affirm.
Theis first argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the indictment. A district court may dismiss an indictment if the allegations are insufficient to establish the charged offense. United States v. Todd , 446 F.3d 1062, 1068 (10th Cir. 2006). In considering a motion to dismiss, the court generally does not examine the evidence. Id. However, it may consider undisputed facts if the government does not object. Id. Under this exception, the court may dismiss the indictment if the "undisputed evidence shows that, as a matter of law, the [d]efendant could not have committed the offense for which he was indicted." Id. "We generally review a district court's denial of a motion to dismiss a criminal indictment for abuse of discretion, but review any statutory interpretation issues involved in the ruling de novo." United States v. Berres , 777 F.3d 1083, 1089 (10th Cir. 2015).
According to Theis, the undisputed evidence showed he "secretly videotape[d] the unaware minor while she performed activities over which he had no control or influence." He argues this does not satisfy the "uses" element of § 2251(a), which he claims requires "a causal relationship between the defendant and the minor's sexually explicit conduct." We conclude the statute contains no such requirement.
To determine the meaning of the term "uses" in § 2251(a), we look first to the language of the statute. See United States v. Figueroa–Labrada , 780 F.3d 1294, 1298 (10th Cir. 2015). Section 2251(a) punishes any person "who employs, uses , persuades, induces, entices, or coerces any minor to engage in ... any sexually explicit conduct...." (emphasis added). The statute does not define "uses," so we give the word its ordinary meaning. See Nat'l Credit Union Admin. Bd. v. Nomura Home Equity Loan, Inc. , 764 F.3d 1199, 1227 (10th Cir. 2014). In doing so, we must also consider both the specific context in which the word is used and the broader context of the statute as a whole. Toomer v. City Cab , 443 F.3d 1191, 1194 (10th Cir. 2006).
Id. This interpretation of the statute gives effect to every word. See Toomer , 443 F.3d at 1194 (). And it is consistent with Congress' intent to provide "a broad ban on the production of child pornography ... aimed to prohibit the varied means by which an individual might actively create it." Ortiz–Graulau , 756 F.3d at 19.
Significantly, nearly every circuit to address this issue has recognized that the "uses" element "is met when a defendant intentionally films or photographs a minor's sexually explicit conduct." Id. at 18 ; see United States v. Wright , 774 F.3d 1085, 1089 (6th Cir. 2014) ; United States v. Vanhorn , 740 F.3d 1166, 1168 (8th Cir. 2014) ; United States v. Finley , 726 F.3d 483, 495 (3d Cir. 2013) (); United States v. Sirois , 87 F.3d 34, 41 (2d Cir. 1996) ( ). But see United States v. Laursen , 847 F.3d 1026, 1032–33 (9th Cir. 2017) ( ). And the Sixth Circuit specifically rejected the argument Theis makes in this case—that the government must prove the defendant caused the minor's conduct. Wright , 774 F.3d at 1091.
In sum, neither the statutory text nor persuasive authority from other circuits supports Theis' argument that the "uses" element of § 2251(a) requires a causal relationship between a defendant's actions and the minor's sexually explicit conduct. Thus, the district court did not err by denying his motion to dismiss.
Relying on the same argument regarding the "uses" element of § 2251(a), Theis also claims the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. But he appears to concede that the evidence was sufficient if the statute does not require a causal relationship between his actions and the minor's conduct. Because we hold that § 2251(a) contains no such requirement, we reject his argument that his conviction was based on insufficient evidence.
Finally, Theis argues that the district court committed plain error at the sentencing hearing by inviting him to speak on his own behalf only after announcing its proposed sentence. Before imposing a sentence, the district court must "address the defendant personally in order to permit the defendant to speak or present any information to mitigate the sentence." Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(4)(A)(ii). A court violates this right to allocute when it definitively announces the defendant's sentence before giving him an opportunity to speak, and fails to communicate to the defendant that it will genuinely reconsider the sentence in light of his remarks. United States v. Landeros–Lopez , 615 F.3d 1260, 1268 (10th Cir. 2010).
At the hearing, the district court first heard argument by Theis' attorney. The court said it would allow "further allocution, as well as any statement Mr. Theis would like to make to the [c]ourt" after it "announced proposed findings of fact and [a] tentative sentence." Theis did not object to this procedure. After the prosecution's argument, the court gave a detailed account of its "proposed findings of fact and ... tentative sentence" and described the terms of imprisonment it "intend[ed] to impose." At one point, the court said it "ha [d] decided" on a particular term of imprisonment and supervised release, but it subsequently asked whether the prosecution or defense had objections "to the sentence as tentatively announced." The court then invited Theis "to address the [c]ourt directly [on his] own behalf" before it "impose[d] [the] final sentence." Theis read a lengthy letter in which he apologized to the victim and her family and highlighted mitigating information. The court thanked Theis for his statement and specifically responded to some of his comments. Then the court imposed the sentence it had previously described.
Because Theis did not object to the district court's sentencing procedure, we...
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United States v. Hillie, 19-3027
...States v. Fadl, 498 F.3d 862, 866 (8th Cir. 2007); United States v. Wright, 774 F.3d 1085, 1091 (6th Cir. 2014); United States v. Theis, 853 F.3d 1178, 1181-82 (10th Cir. 2017); United States v. Laursen, 847 F.3d 1026, 1032-33 (9th Cir. 2017); cf. United States v. Howard, 968 F.3d 717, 721-......
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United States v. Hillie
...v. Fadl , 498 F.3d 862, 866 (8th Cir. 2007) ; United States v. Wright , 774 F.3d 1085, 1091 (6th Cir. 2014) ; United States v. Theis , 853 F.3d 1178, 1181–82 (10th Cir. 2017) ; United States v. Laursen , 847 F.3d 1026, 1032–33 (9th Cir. 2017) ; cf. United States v. Howard , 968 F.3d 717, 72......
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United States v. Hillie
...v. Fadl , 498 F.3d 862, 866 (8th Cir. 2007) ; United States v. Wright , 774 F.3d 1085, 1091 (6th Cir. 2014) ; United States v. Theis , 853 F.3d 1178, 1181–82 (10th Cir. 2017) ; United States v. Laursen , 847 F.3d 1026, 1032–33 (9th Cir. 2017) ; cf. United States v. Howard , 968 F.3d 717, 72......
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United States v. Hillie
... ... circuits. See United States v. Sirois , 87 F.3d 34, ... 41 (2d Cir. 1996); United States v. Fadl , 498 F.3d ... 862, 866 (8th Cir. 2007); United States v. Wright , ... 774 F.3d 1085, 1091 (6th Cir. 2014); United States v ... Theis , 853 F.3d 1178, 1181-82 (10th Cir. 2017); ... United States v. Laursen , 847 F.3d 1026, 1032-33 ... (9th Cir. 2017); cf. United States v. Howard, ... 968 F.3d 717, 721-22 (7th Cir. 2020) ("use" in ... section 2251(a) requires proof that the defendant ... "cause[d] ... ...