Ward v. State, s. 01-93-00294-C

• Decision Date: 27 January 1994
• Docket Number: 01-93-00301-CR,Nos. 01-93-00294-C,s. 01-93-00294-C
• Citation: 870 S.W.2d 659
• Parties: Curtis Ray WARD, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee. (1st Dist.)
• Court: Texas Court of Appeals

Page 659

870 S.W.2d 659

Curtis Ray WARD, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

Nos. 01-93-00294-CR, 01-93-00301-CR.

Court of Appeals of Texas,

Houston (1st Dist.).

Jan. 27, 1994.

Discretionary Review Refused

May 18, 1994.

Turner & Gottlieb, Robert G. Turner, Houston, for appellant.

Michael R Littler, Steve Greene, Anahuac, for appellee.

Before O'CONNOR, PRICE ^* and WILSON, JJ.

OPINION

WILSON, Justice.

In this accelerated appeal, appellant Curtis Ray Ward asserts the trial court erred in denying habeas corpus relief. We affirm.

Factual and procedural background

According to his plea in bar, appellant was stopped and searched by Chambers County authorities on February 13, 1992. The officers found 78 pounds of marihuana in a locked tool box, and seized a radar detector and $2,165 in cash. Appellant was indicted for aggravated possession of marihuana (cause number 7837) and for possession of marihuana on which no tax had been paid (cause number 7838).

On March 16, 1992, John Sharp, Comptroller of Public Accounts, sent appellant a notice of tax due, advising appellant that he owed $109,546.50, ¹ as well as a $10,954.65 penalty for failure to pay tax on the marihuana. Appellant made a $250 payment on the amount owed.

The State filed a motion for summary judgment seeking forfeiture of the cash and radar detector seized by the police. Appellant did not contest the motion, and in July 1992, the trial court granted the motion and ordered the $2,165 and the radar detector forfeited to the State of Texas.

On October 28, 1992, appellant filed a plea in bar, and on February 23, 1993, he filed an application for writ of habeas corpus. In both, he asserted that because he "suffered a fine and forfeiture, clearly penal in nature, arising out of the transaction leading to Applicant's criminal prosecution," prosecution for the charged offenses would subject him to double jeopardy. The trial court denied both motions. Cause numbers 7837 and 7838 are currently pending in the 344th District Court of Chambers County.

Double jeopardy

In two points of error, appellant asserts he was punished for both offenses when his property was forfeited and the State assessed a tax, and the double jeopardy protections of the United States and Texas Constitutions bar prosecution of the offenses.

The double jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment ² protects against three distinct abuses: a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction; and multiple punishments for the same offense. United States v. Halper, 490 U.S. 435, 440, 109 S.Ct. 1892, 1897, 104 L.Ed.2d 487 (1989). This case involves the third of these protections.

1. The relevant cases

Appellant relies upon Halper, in which the Supreme Court considered whether and under what circumstances a civil penalty may constitute "punishment" for the purposes of double jeopardy analysis. 490 U.S. at 436, 109 S.Ct. at 1895. In Halper, the defendant was convicted for submitting 65 false medical claims to the government for reimbursement, in violation of the criminal false claims statute. ³ His false claims amounted to $585. He was sentenced to two years in prison and fined $5,000. The government then brought a civil action against him under the civil false claims statute ⁴ for the same conduct. The district court granted summary judgment for the government on the issue of liability, but found the civil penalty for which Halper would be liable--$130,000--violated the double jeopardy clause. 490 U.S. at 437-39, 109 S.Ct. at 1895-97. The Supreme Court agreed, holding that "under the Double Jeopardy Clause a defendant who has already been punished in a criminal prosecution may not be subjected to an additional civil sanction to the extent that the second sanction may not be fairly characterized as remedial, but only as a deterrent or retribution." 490 U.S. at 448-49, 109 S.Ct. at 1902. The Court further provided:

What we announce now is a rule for the rare case, the case such as the one before us, where a fixed-penalty provision subjects a prolific but small-gauge offender to a sanction overwhelmingly disproportionate to the damages he has caused. The rule is one of reason: Where a defendant previously has sustained a criminal penalty and the civil penalty sought in the subsequent proceeding bears no rational relation to the goal of compensating the Government for its loss, but rather appears to qualify as "punishment" in the plain meaning of the word, then the defendant is entitled to an accounting of the Government's damages and costs to determine if the penalty sought in fact constitutes a second punishment.

490 U.S. at 449-50, 109 S.Ct. at 1902. The Court went on to state:

[T]he only proscription established by our ruling is that the Government may not criminally prosecute a defendant, impose a criminal penalty upon him, and then bring a separate civil action based on the same conduct and receive a judgment that is not rationally related to the goal of making the Government whole.

490 U.S. at 451, 109 S.Ct. at 1903. The Court remanded the case to the district court to allow the government to provide an accounting of the costs arising out of Halper's fraud. 490 U.S. at 452, 109 S.Ct. at 1904.

Appellant also relies upon In re Kurth Ranch, 986 F.2d 1308 (9th Cir.1993), cert. granted, 509 U.S. 953, 114 S.Ct. 38, 125 L.Ed.2d 788 (1993), in which the court of appeals found the Montana marijuana tax was unconstitutional as applied against the defendants. Id. at 1312. The Kurths were arrested for criminal possession and sale of dangerous drugs. They had been growing large quantities of marihuana on the family ranch. Id. at 1309. The State assessed a drug tax of $865,000 against the defendants. The defendants challenged the amount and the legality of the assessment, but their challenge was suspended pending disposition of the criminal charges. The defendants pled guilty and received individual sentences. Id. at 1310. The Kurths then filed bankruptcy, and the State filed a proof of claim for the tax with the bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court found that only $208,105 of the tax was computed in compliance with the statute, but held even this amount violated the double jeopardy clause. Id. The Ninth Circuit agreed; it found that Halper 's disproportionality analysis applied, but held that because the State "refused to make any showing regarding the costs incurred in eradicating dangerous drugs and their effects," it failed to meet the threshold requirements of Halper. Kurth, 986 F.2d at 1312. The court therefore found the tax assessment was an impermissible second punishment that violated the double jeopardy clause. Id.

One further case, cited by both appellant and the State, is particularly relevant. In United States v. Sanchez-Escareno, 950 F.2d 193 (5th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 841, 113 S.Ct. 123, 121 L.Ed.2d 78 (1992), three defendants who attempted to smuggle marihuana across the Mexican border were assessed large civil penalties. The defendants signed promissory notes, promising to pay the fines, and were indicted for various offenses relating to the drugs. Id. at 195-97. The district court dismissed all counts on the basis of double jeopardy, even though none of the defendants paid the penalties and the government had made no attempt to collect on the notes. Id. at 197. The court of appeals found it did not matter that the assessment of the civil penalty came before the criminal proceedings, stating, "[T]he Halper principle that a civil penalty can be factored into the double jeopardy matrix should apply whether the civil penalty precedes or follows the criminal proceeding." Id. at 200. The court held, however, that the execution of the promissory notes, in the absence of a judgment or payment by the defendants, did not constitute "punishment" under the double jeopardy clause. Id. at 201.

2. Analysis

Appellant complains that the only evidence offered by the State at his habeas corpus hearing was the affidavit of Wayne Dial, assistant commander of the Chambers County Narcotics Trafficking Task Force, in which Officer Dial stated the current price of one-fourth of an ounce of marihuana was between $30 and $40. The State presented no evidence regarding its costs or damages. ⁵ Although he does not expressly so state, we presume appellant believes the amount of the tax and forfeiture is disproportionate to the State's costs, particularly in the absence of evidence of the State's damages and costs, and that prosecution for the charged offenses would therefore constitute an impermissible second punishment. In conducting this double jeopardy analysis, we will consider the forfeiture and the tax assessment separately.

A. Tax assessment

The State assessed a tax and penalty of $120,501.15. Appellant has paid $250 of this amount. For two reasons, we believe this assessment does not constitute a "punishment." First, appellant was assessed this amount. The State has not sought a judgment against appellant, and there has been no adjudication by a court. The assessment of a penalty does not constitute punishment that causes jeopardy to attach. Ex parte Wisenbaker, 762 S.W.2d 218, 219 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, pet. ref'd). Furthermore, Halper expressly contemplates a criminal prosecution and a civil action that results in a judgment. Halper, 490 U.S. at 451, 109 S.Ct. at 1903; see also Sanchez-Escareno, 950 F.2d at 201 (in the absence of a judgment or payment, execution of promissory notes did not constitute "punishment").

Second, in the absence of payment by appellant, the assessment does not constitute "punishment." See Sanchez-Escareno, 950 F.2d at 201. We are aware that appellant paid $250 towards the amount owed, but this payment is an infinitesimal portion of the total assessment. In the absence of payment in full, or at least a substantial portion of the total amount, we cannot find the...