Watterson v. Edgerly

• Decision Date: 18 July 1978
• Docket Number: No. 1373,1373
• Citation: 388 A.2d 934,40 Md.App. 230
• Parties: Earl D. WATTERSON et al. v. Lloyd I. EDGERLY.
• Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland

Page 230

40 Md.App. 230

388 A.2d 934

Earl D. WATTERSON et al. v. Lloyd I. EDGERLY.

No. 1373.

Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.

July 18, 1978.

E. Richard McIntyre, Silver Spring, for appellants.

Marvin E. Perlis, Silver Spring, for appellee.

Argued before GILBERT, C. J., and DAVIDSON and MacDANIEL, JJ.

GILBERT, Chief Judge.

A spendthrift trust is an American legal creation, ¹ designed specifically to afford a beneficiary those things he cannot afford, while simultaneously protecting him from the claws of cozened creditors. It runs the gamut from the benefactor's fortune to the beneficiary's good fortune and the creditor's misfortune.

Spendthrift trusts were first allowed in Maryland in Smith v. Towers, 69 Md. 77, 14 A. 497, 15 A. 92 (1888). There, the Court held "that the founder of a trust may provide in direct terms that his property shall go to his beneficiary to the exclusion of his (the beneficiary's) alienees, and to the exclusion of his (the beneficiary's) creditors." 69 Md. at 90-91, 14 A. at 500. The Court, in Smith, followed the lead of the Supreme Court of the United States in Nichols v. Eaton, 91 U.S. 716, 23 L.Ed. 254 (1875) ² and the high court of Massachusetts in Broadway Nat'l Bank v. Adams, 133 Mass. 170 (1882). Maryland has adhered to its original position through the years in a host of cases including, Reid v. Safe Deposit and Trust Co., 86 Md. 464, 38 A. 899 (1897); Brown v. Macgill, 87 Md. 161, 39 A. 613 (1898); Jackson Square Loan and Sav. Ass'n v. Bartlett, 95 Md. 661, 53 A. 426 (1902); Safe Deposit and Trust Co. v. Independent Brewing Ass'n, 127 Md. 463, 96 A. 617 (1916); Plitt v. Yakel, 129 Md. 464, 99 A. 669 (1916); Johnson v. Stringer, 158 Md. 315, 148 A. 447 (1930); Michaelson v. Sokolove, 169 Md. 529, 182 A. 458 (1936); Bauernschmidt v. Safe Deposit & Trust Co., 176 Md. 351, 4 A.2d 712 (1939); and Medwedeff v. Fisher, 179 Md. 192, 17 A.2d 141 (1941).

Nevertheless, it is unmistakable that a person may not create such a trust for his own benefit. Manders v. Mercantile Trust and Deposit Co., 147 Md. 448, 128 A. 145 (1925); Wenzel v. Powder, 100 Md. 36, 59 A. 194 (1904); Brillhart v. Mish, 99 Md. 447, 58 A. 28 (1904); Brown v. Macgill, supra; Warner v. Rice, 66 Md. 436, 8 A. 84 (1887); G. Bogert, Handbook of the Law of Trusts § 40 (5th ed. 1973); G. Bogert, The Law of Trusts and Trustees § 223 (2d ed. 1965); H. Ginsberg, Equity Jurisprudence and Procedure in Maryland 25 (1928); E. Griswold, Spendthrift Trusts 474 (2d ed. 1947); 1 Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 156(1) (1959); 2 A. Scott, The Law of Trusts § 156.3 (3rd ed. 1967).

The application of the principles we have stated above proves more difficult than merely articulating them. We are here called upon to decide whether a husband may convey his interest in real property, owned by the husband and his wife as tenants by the entireties, to his wife, and she in turn, by testamentary disposition, create a valid spendthrift trust so as to shield the husband from his judgment creditors. ³ Aggravating the issue is the fact that the wife died on the sixty-first (61st) day following the conveyance to her by the husband, and the sixtieth (60th) day subsequent to the execution of her will. So far as Maryland appellate courts are concerned, by answering the issue, we seem to be plowing virgin fields.

This appeal had its origin with the filing of an Amended Bill of Complaint in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County by Lloyd I. Edgerly, appellee, against Earl D. Watterson, J. Morris Hardy, trustee of the trust created by the Last Will and Testament of Emma B. Watterson, deceased, and E. Richard McIntyre, personal representative of Mrs. Watterson's estate, appellants. The bill sought to have the court "declare the spend thrift (sic) provision of the trust invalid to the extent of . . . (Mr. Watterson's) contribution"; permit appellee "to execute against . . . Earl D. Watterson's life interest in the real estate conveyed into the trust"; declare him "to the extent of his surrendered right of curtesy, ⁴ to be the settlor of the trust created by his wife," thus sanctioning appellee's executing against that interest in the estate.

The case sub judice was submitted to the circuit court on an agreed "Stipulation of Facts" which we quote in toto:

"1. That EARL D. WATTERSON and EMMA B. WATTERSON, his Wife, on May 28, 1965, acquired the real property known as 10703 Bucknell Drive, Silver Spring, Maryland, as Tenants by the Entirety, otherwise described as Lot numbered two (2), Block numbered Thirteen (13), in the subdivision known as 'GLENVIEW', as per plat recorded in Plat Book 36, at Plat 2437.

2. That on January 23, 1976, EARL D. WATTERSON executed a Deed, without consideration, conveying all of his interest in the said real property to his Wife, EMMA B. WATTERSON and claimed exemption from Montgomery County transfer tax on the grounds the transfer was without consideration.

3. That on January 24, 1976, EMMA B. WATTERSON executed her Last Will and Testament, establishing a trust for the life of EARL D. WATTERSON.

4. That the income from said trust is to to be paid in quarterly installments to EARL D. WATTERSON for his support and general welfare.

5. That the said trust, as established by the Will of EMMA B. WATTERSON, has engrafted upon it what is commonly known as a spendthrift trust provision.

6. That included among the assets of the spendthrift trust is the aforementioned real estate.

7. That EMMA WATTERSON died on March 2, 1976.

8. That EARL D. WATTERSON did not renounce his statutory share but rather elected in favor of the testimentary (sic) spendthrift trust as provided in his Wife's Will.

9. That subsequent to the time EARL D. WATTERSON and EMMA B. WATTERSON obtained the said property and prior to the time that EARL D. WATTERSON conveyed it to EMMA B. WATTERSON, a number of judgments against EARL D. WATTERSON by various creditors, including the judgment of the Plaintiff on May 28, 1974 in the sum of $19,969.16 had been obtained in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, Maryland against EARL D. WATTERSON. (See attached list.)

10. That the said judgment remains partially unsatisfied."

The chancellor, in a written opinion, concluded that is was "immediately apparent that the conveyance to . . . (Earl Watterson's) wife without consideration, and her will immediately thereafter when she was terminally ill, and when . . . (Earl Watterson) was and had been for many years insolvent, constituted acts done with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors." (Emphasis supplied.) We have read and re-read the stipulation but are unable to find any expression therein which would give rise to the statement that Mrs Watterson was "terminally ill." Perhaps, it is mere surmise on the part of the trial judge based upon the date of death in relation to the conveyance and the making of the will, or perhaps he relied upon an allegation in the amended bill that the conveyance to Mrs. Watterson, by her husband, Earl, of his interest was made "in contemplation of the death of the then critically ill . . . (Mrs.) Watterson, and to avoid creditors reaching the said realty upon its becoming the sole property of Earl D. Watterson at the death of his wife . . .." In any event, that averment was denied by the appellants, and as we have observed, there is nothing in the stipulation to support it. The finding, which was so "immediately apparent" to the chancellor is not apparent at all to us, and we are unwilling to declare that because Mrs. Watterson died sixty-one (61) days after a conveyance to her of real property which she almost simultaneously placed in a spendthrift trust for the benefit or her husband who had conveyed the property to her, that she was "terminally ill" at the time. We think that a judgment of that type is vested in an authority who occupies a position of review considerably higher than this, or any other Court.

Thus, a major premise of the trial court's reasoning, when examined, is found wanting, but even if it had been correct, its value is doubtful when we consider the holding of the Court in Hertz v. Mills, 166 Md. 492, 171 A. 709 (1934). A property owned as tenants by the entireties may be conveyed by either the husband or the wife to the sole ownership of the other even though the purpose behind the conveyance is to prevent the enforcement of a judgment against the grantor should he survive the grantee. Id. See also Van Royen v. Lacey, 266 Md. 649, 296 A.2d 426 (1972).

The chancellor recognized the rule of Hertz and Van Royen but reasoned that the conveyance without consideration to the wife by the insolvent husband did not pass valid title to her, citing Myers v. King, 42 Md. 65 (1875) and Ressmeyer v. Norwood, 117 Md. 320, 83 A. 347 (1912). The chancellor was of the further view that Earl Watterson's transfer of his interest in the property to his wife, under the circumstances of this case constituted Earl Watterson as the settlor of the trust. The trial judge concluded that inasmuch as the trust was created by Mr. Watterson "for his own benefit" the "spendthrift clause . . . is void insofar as existing creditors are concerned, and they can reach his interest under the trust."

We think Myers v. King, supra and Ressmeyer v. Norwood, supra, relied upon by the chancellor, to be inapposite. Myers was concerned with a gift of $500 by an insolvent husband to his wife. Prior to the giving of the money, the wife had absolutely no claim of ownership therein. No question of property held as tenants by the entireties was involved. Ressmeyer also bears no similarity to the case sub judice. There, a husband and wife made a mortgage to the wife alone to secure a debt in excess of $13,000, when, in fact, no such debt existed. The Court properly held that the mortgage was invalid for want of bona fide consideration.

We have not been directed to any Maryland case, nor have we found one, which holds that there must be a...