Webb v. State, A05A2335.

• Decision Date: 24 January 2006
• Docket Number: No. A05A2335.,A05A2335.
• Citation: 626 S.E.2d 545,277 Ga. App. 355
• Parties: WEBB v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Court of Appeals

277 Ga. App. 355

626 S.E.2d 545

WEBB v. The STATE.

No. A05A2335.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

January 24, 2006.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

Douglas W. McDonald, Jr., McDonald & Cody Law Offices, Cornelia, for Appellant.

Jerry Rylee, Solicitor-General, Larry A. Baldwin, II, Solicitor-General, Jennifer L. Scalia, Asst. Solicitors-General, for Appellee.

MIKELL, Judge.

A Hall County jury found Allison Webb guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol to the extent that it was less safe to drive, OCGA § 40-6-391(a)(1), and speeding, OCGA § 40-6-181. On appeal, Webb contends that the trial court erred in allowing numerical value evidence of her blood alcohol level in a "less safe" DUI case. We affirm because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the evidence.

Viewed in a light most favorable to the jury's verdict, the evidence shows that on January 22, 2005, a Hall County deputy saw a car which he estimated by sight to be traveling 65 miles per hour in a 45 miles per hour zone. After his radar confirmed the car was traveling 62 miles per hour, the deputy stopped the car and approached its driver, Webb. The deputy smelled a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from the car. Webb searched her purse for a few minutes before producing her driver's license.

After Webb found her license, the officer asked her to step out of the car, and the deputy noticed that she seemed unsteady on her feet. Webb agreed to take a field sobriety test. The officer performed a horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test on which Webb exhibited six out of six possible clues. After Webb completed the HGN test, the deputy decided not to ask her to perform the walk and turn test and the one leg stand test because he could not demonstrate the tests himself under the weather conditions. The deputy then asked Webb to blow into an alco-sensor, which showed positive for the presence of alcohol. The deputy placed Webb under arrest and read to her the implied consent warning for individuals over 21. She refused to take a state-administered chemical test of her blood alcohol level.

The solicitor accused Webb of driving under the influence to the extent it was less safe to drive, and speeding. Before trial, Webb filed a motion in limine in which she asked for an order prohibiting the state from introducing into evidence an estimate of her blood alcohol level based upon her HGN test. In the motion, Webb contended that because she was only charged with "less safe" DUI that numerical evidence of her blood alcohol level was irrelevant unless the state showed she was impaired at that level. After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion, concluding that "simply the fact that it is a numerical score in and of itself" was an insufficient reason for excluding the evidence.

At trial, the arresting deputy testified that in administering the HGN test that "[s]ix out of six clues indicate to me that I have a blood/alcohol concentration. Four out of six per my training says there's a seventy-four percent chance that I have a blood/alcohol concentration of above .10 grams." Webb objected, noting that "[t]his case does not involve per se alcohol issues." The trial court overruled the objection. The deputy further testified that based on his training and experience, Webb had been under the influence of alcohol to the extent that she was a less safe driver. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on the speeding and DUI charges.

Webb now appeals her DUI conviction, claiming that the trial court erred by allowing the deputy to testify as to the numerical blood alcohol level shown by the results of her HGN test.¹ More specifically, Webb claims that the trial court erred in admitting this evidence because it was irrelevant. She also contends that the trial court improperly allowed an amendment of the accusation, that there was a "fatal variance" between the accusation and the evidence offered at trial, and that the blood alcohol level evidence was not admissible absent the testimony of an expert witness to explain the significance of the numerical result.

1. Webb argues that evidence of her numerical blood alcohol level was irrelevant because it was insufficient to show that she was less safe to drive, that the evidence's probative value, if any, was outweighed by unfair prejudice, and that the evidence "is irrelevant under Evans v. State, 253 Ga.App. 71, 558 S.E.2d 51 (2001)." We disagree.

The admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we will not disturb the trial court's evidentiary decisions on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. See Smith v. State, 265 Ga.App. 236, 238(4), 593 S.E.2d 695 (2004). "Unless the potential for prejudice substantially outweighs probative value, Georgia law favors the admission of relevant evidence, no matter how slight its probative value." (Punctuation and footnote omitted.) State v. Adams, 270 Ga.App. 878, 881(2), 609 S.E.2d 378 (2004). Evidence is relevant if it tends to prove or to disprove a material fact at issue, and every act or circumstance which serves to explain or throw light upon a material issue is relevant. See Sailor v. State, 265 Ga.App. 645, 648(2), 595 S.E.2d 335 (2004).

"The crime of driving while under the influence to the extent that it is less safe to drive requires showing three elements: (1) driving, (2) under the influence of alcohol, (3) to the extent that is less safe for the person to drive." (Footnote omitted.) Shaheed v. State, 270 Ga.App. 709, 710(1), 607 S.E.2d 897 (2004). The numerical evidence of Webb's blood alcohol level was probative of the latter two elements because the evidence directly addressed whether Webb was "under the influence," and her blood alcohol level shed light on whether she was less safe to drive.

Field sobriety tests are not designed to detect the mere presence of alcohol in a person's system, but to produce information on the question whether alcohol is present at an impairing level such that the driver is less safe within the meaning of OCGA § 40-6-391(a)(1). Mere presence of alcohol is not the issue; the quantity is needed because the issue is effect.

(Citations omitted.) Kirkland v. State, 253 Ga.App. 414, 416, 559 S.E.2d 161 (2002) (concluding that trial court did not err in admitting officer's opinion testimony that six of six clues on defendant's HGN test indicated blood alcohol content of 0.10 grams or greater). See also Werner v. State, 246 Ga.App. 677, 678-679(1), 538 S.E.2d 168 (2000) (testimony regarding the HGN sobriety test, which included a numerical estimate of defendant's blood alcohol level, would have been admissible if defendant had preserved his objection); Sieveking v. State, 220 Ga. App. 218-219(1), 469 S.E.2d 235 (1996) (admissible evidence involving the HGN test is not limited to test results showing the presence of alcohol).

Although the evidence of Webb's blood alcohol level was probative of the "less safe" DUI charge, "relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury." (Punctuation and footnote omitted) Ross v. State, 279 Ga. 365, 366(2), 614 S.E.2d 31 (2005). However, we find nothing inherently inflammatory about the blood alcohol evidence and can discern no reason why the jury was not capable of evaluating the evidence in the context of the "less safe" DUI accusation. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to exclude the numerical blood alcohol evidence because the evidence was probative and its probative value was not outweighed by the possibility of undue prejudice.

Webb argues that cases such as Werner, supra, and Sieveking, supra, which suggest that the quantity of a defendant's blood alcohol level may be admissible in a "less safe" DUI case, are distinguishable. She contends that those cases were decided under previous law providing that a driver was presumed to be under the influence of alcohol if his or her blood alcohol concentration was 0.08 or more grams; that there is no such presumption under the law applicable here; and that the blood alcohol evidence in this case was not relevant in the absence of the statutory presumption.² We cannot accept Webb's argument that evidence of a defendant's blood alcohol level is relevant only if the state is attempting to establish a statutory presumption that the defendant was less safe to drive. In Bowden v. State, 202 Ga.App. 802, 415 S.E.2d 527 (1992), a case where the evidence of the defendant's blood alcohol level of 0.06 grams did not give rise to presumption that he was under the influence for purposes of an accusation of "less safe" DUI, we noted that "[a] blood-alcohol level greater than .06 might not render one individual a less safe driver, whereas a blood-alcohol level below.06 might render another individual a less safe driver." Id. at 803(2), 415 S.E.2d 527. Nevertheless, the court noted that the defendant's blood alcohol level was "but one factor to be considered by the jury in making that determination." (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 804(2), 415 S.E.2d 527. Similarly, the numerical evidence of Webb's blood alcohol level was one factor which could be considered by the jury in determining if Webb was less safe to drive.

Webb further relies on Evans, supra, for the proposition that evidence of her blood alcohol level was irrelevant. Evans was charged with "less safe" DUI after he refused to take the state-administered blood alcohol test. Id. at 75-76(2)(a), 558 S.E.2d 51. On appeal, Evans claimed that the trial court erred by excluding testimony by the defendant's expert witness as to Evans's blood alcohol level. We concluded that the trial court did not err in excluding the testimony because (i) there was no factual basis for calculating Evans's blood alcohol level using the 34;Widmark formula," which was the method used by the expert, id. at 77(2...