Weinstein v. Schwartz, 04-2936.

• Decision Date: 01 September 2005
• Docket Number: No. 04-2936.,04-2936.
• Parties: Curtis WEINSTEIN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. James L. SCHWARTZ, Michael Weinstein, and Lissa Weinstein, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 476

422 F.3d 476

Curtis WEINSTEIN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. James L. SCHWARTZ, Michael Weinstein, and Lissa Weinstein, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 04-2936.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued May 5, 2005.

Decided September 1, 2005.

Ralph A. Mantynband (argued), Shefsky & Froelich, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Michael Resis (argued), O'Hagan, Smith & Amundsen, Richard L. Stavins (argued), Robbins, Salomon & Patt, Chicago, IL, for Defendants-Appellees.

Before BAUER, EASTERBROOK, and MANION, Circuit Judges.

MANION, Circuit Judge.

Herbert Weinstein, the founder of Parsons Tanning Company, transferred all of the company stock to his four children in equal shares. A dispute arose among the siblings over whether to sell a farm that the company owned. Curtis Weinstein, who opposed the sale, sued for a declaratory judgment that his brother and sister, Michael and Lissa, do not own the shares they pledged as collateral for a loan. The District Court for the Northern District of Illinois granted summary judgment in favor of Michael and Lissa, as well as in favor of company attorney James Schwartz on Curtis's claim of attorney malpractice.¹ Curtis appeals and we affirm.

I.

Herbert Weinstein formed Parsons Tanning Company (Parsons), a Delaware corporation, in 1964. Herbert was the sole shareholder of Parsons until 1990 when he transferred all 600 outstanding shares in equal amounts to his four children, Curtis, Richey, Michael, and Lissa.

Parsons owns an 88-acre farm (the "Upper Farm") near Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Parsons does not operate the Upper Farm any longer, but, instead, rents the farm to Curtis who runs his own horse breeding business.

Lissa and Michael are interested in selling the farm and intended to propose the sale at a shareholder meeting. It appears that Richey (who is not a party to this litigation) would have voted his shares to sell the farm, thus giving Lissa and Michael the necessary votes to approve the sale.

Before a shareholder vote could take place, Curtis, who opposes the proposed sale, filed this suit. In it, he seeks a declaratory judgment that Michael and Lissa do not actually own shares of Parsons. Curtis claims that Michael conveyed his shares to Lissa in 1995 in an effort to avoid creditors. He further alleges that Lissa then pledged the 300 shares as collateral to secure a loan to Lissa and Michael from a second company owned by family members, Grenier Corporation International ("GCI"). In 2000, GCI sent Lissa and Michael a notice of default on the loan and, in 2001, a notice of sale of the collateral. The shares, however, have never been sold.

Curtis, Richey, and their stepmother Joan own all the outstanding shares of GCI. According to Curtis, there are 650 outstanding shares of GCI — he and Richey each own 200, and Joan owns 250. Apparently, however, Curtis believes he has effective control of GCI (presumably he knows, or believes, that Joan will side with him in this matter) such that if GCI is the owner of the 300 shares of Parsons that Lissa pledged, he can direct it to vote its shares against the sale of the Upper Farm. With all of this maneuvering, the issue comes down to this: if GCI owns the shares, Curtis can block a sale of the Upper Farm; if Michael and Lissa (or Lissa alone) own the disputed shares, they can force a sale of the Upper Farm.

Michael and Lissa moved for summary judgment, and the district court granted the motion. The court ruled that, although Curtis could show that there was a dispute as to whether Michael or Lissa owned the 150 shares originally belonging to Michael, Curtis could not show that GCI owned the 300 disputed shares because no sale of the shares had taken place. This appeal followed.

II.

A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

Before we can address the subject of this appeal, the summary judgment ruling of the district court, we must resolve a matter of jurisdiction we raised sua sponte at oral argument. Curtis filed this case as a derivative suit, that is, Curtis sued Lissa and Michael on behalf of Parsons. Curtis asserted that the district court and this court had jurisdiction to entertain this suit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 based on the diverse citizenship of the parties: Curtis is a citizen of Wisconsin; Lissa and Michael are citizens of Illinois; and Parsons is a citizen (for diversity purposes) of Delaware and Wisconsin.

Pursuant to Smith v. Sperling, 354 U.S. 91, 97-98, 77 S.Ct. 1112, 1 L.Ed.2d 1205 (1957), however, a corporation is aligned as a defendant in a shareholder's derivative suit. Accordingly, if the suit remains as it is, there is not complete diversity of the parties — Parsons, a Wisconsin citizen, would be treated as a defendant opposed to Curtis, another Wisconsin citizen.

Must the suit continue as a derivative action, however? That is, under Delaware law (the governing law on this issue, Bagdon v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 916 F.2d 379, 382-83 (7th Cir.1990)), must a shareholder seeking declaratory judgment as to the ownership of the shares of a Delaware corporation proceed derivatively? We do not believe he must.

A derivative suit "enables a stockholder to bring suit on behalf of the corporation for harm done to the corporation." Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 845 A.2d 1031, 1036 (Del.2004). "The fundamental purpose of a derivative action is to enforce a corporate right that the corporation has refused for one reason or another to assert." R. Franklin Balotti & Jesse A. Finkelstein, The Delaware Law of Corporations & Business Organizations § 13.9 (3d ed. 1997 & 2005 supp.).

In a derivative suit, "the recovery, if any, must go to the corporation." Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1036. This is in contrast with a direct suit by a shareholder. "Such a claim [an individual suit] is distinct from an injury caused to the corporation alone. In such individual suits, the recovery or other relief flows directly to the stockholders, not to the corporation." Id.

The Delaware Supreme Court recently clarified the analysis for determining whether an action should be classified as direct or derivative: "The analysis must be based solely on the following questions: Who suffered the alleged harm — the corporation or the suing stockholder individually — and who would receive the...