White v. State

• Decision Date: 07 May 2001
• Docket Number: No. S00G1572.,S00G1572.
• Citation: 546 S.E.2d 514,273 Ga. 787
• Parties: WHITE v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

546 S.E.2d 514

273 Ga. 787

WHITE v. The STATE.

No. S00G1572.

Supreme Court of Georgia.

May 7, 2001.

Gerard B. Kleinrock, Andrej S. Bajuk, Decatur, for appellant.

J. Tom Morgan, III, Dist. Atty., Barbara B. Conroy, Thomas S. Clegg, Asst. Dist. Attys., Kristen L. Wood, Decatur, for Bottomside.

James C. Bonner, Jr., Atlanta, for amicus appellant.

CARLEY, Justice.

A jury found White and his co-defendant guilty of two counts of aggravated assault, and the trial court entered judgments of conviction and sentences on the jury's verdicts. The Court of Appeals affirmed, finding that the trial court did not err in permitting an investigator to testify, over objection, that one of the victims and another eyewitness, who did not testify at trial, identified White and his co-defendant in pre-trial photographic lineups. White v. State, 244 Ga.App. 54, 55(1), 537 S.E.2d 364 (2000). The Court of Appeals based this ruling on the principle that a law enforcement officer may testify, over a hearsay objection, to a vocal fact of identification witnessed by him. The Court of Appeals additionally stated that, pursuant to OCGA § 24-3-2 and Momon v. State, 161 Ga.App. 629, 630(2), 288 S.E.2d 767 (1982), this testimony was not hearsay. We granted certiorari to consider both of these holdings. We conclude that the Court of Appeals erred in relying on Momon v. State, supra, 161 Ga.App. 629, 288 S.E.2d 767, and that a police officer's testimony that a witness made an identification in a lineup is hearsay and is not automatically admissible as original evidence to explain the officer's conduct. Momon v. State, 249 Ga. 865, 294 S.E.2d 482 (1982). Furthermore, we clarify and restrict the hearsay exception recognized in Haralson v State, 234 Ga. 406, 408(4), 216 S.E.2d 304 (1975): In the absence of some other viable hearsay exception, such as "necessity" or "res gestae," a law enforcement officer may not testify to a pre-trial identification of the accused unless the person who actually made the identification testifies at trial and is subject to cross-examination.

1. The Court of Appeals noted that this Court affirmed Momon v. State, supra, , but failed to recognize that that affirmance was based entirely on this Court's finding that, although the testimony was inadmissible hearsay, it was "more than highly probable that the error did not contribute to the verdict." Momon v. State, supra, 249 Ga. at 867, 294 S.E.2d 482. Unlike the Court of Appeals, this Court held that "where the conduct and motives of the actor are not matters concerning which the truth must be found (i.e., are irrelevant to the issues on trial) then the information, etc., on which he or she acted shall not be admissible under" OCGA § 24-3-2. Momon v. State, supra, 249 Ga. at 867, 294 S.E.2d 482. "[O]nly in rare instances will the `conduct' of an investigating officer need to be `explained[.]'" Teague v. State, 252 Ga. 534, 536(1), 314 S.E.2d 910 (1984). Otherwise, "it is error to permit an investigating officer to testify, under the guise of explaining the officer's conduct, to what other persons related to the officer during the investigation. [Cits.]" Weems v. State, 269 Ga. 577, 579(2), 501 S.E.2d 806 (1998). The mere circumstance of an officer's initiation and continuation of an investigation, without more, is not a relevant inquiry. Render v. State, 267 Ga. 848, 849(2), 483 S.E.2d 570 (1997). Because the photographic lineups did not supply the investigator in this case with any new information or generate any relevant conduct on her part which needed to be explained to the jury, the State concedes that it cannot demonstrate how the identifications were admissible as original evidence under OCGA § 24-3-2.

2. Testimony of another's out-of-court identification of the accused "is clearly hearsay." 2 McCormick on Evidence, § 251(C), p. 119 (5th ed. 1999). See also Wade v. State, 208 Ga.App. 700(1), 431 S.E.2d 398 (1993). However, "[m]ost jurisdictions now recognize a hearsay exception for statements by a witness identifying a person." 4 Jones on Evidence § 26:46, p. 410 (7th ed.2000). See also Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(1)(C); 2 Wharton's Criminal Evidence § 6:13, p. 136 (15th ed.1998). This hearsay exception became the majority rule as the result of a trend which developed several decades ago. Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 272, fn. 3(V), 87 S.Ct. 1951, 18 L.Ed.2d 1178 (1967). This Court has recognized the rule at least since the frequently cited case of Haralson v. State, supra, and we have no reasonable grounds for rejecting it now.

Admissibility of the prior identifications has long-standing case law support, often in the older cases without recognition of the hearsay problem. Justification is found in the unsatisfactory nature of courtroom identification and by the constitutional safeguards that regulate out-of-court identifications arranged by the police.

2 McCormick on Evidence, supra, § 251(C), p. 119. See also 30B M. Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 7013, pp. 152-153 (Interim ed.2000); 4 Wigmore on Evidence § 1130 (Chadbourn rev.1972).

However, every jurisdiction that recognizes the hearsay exception for out-of-court identifications requires that the declarant "must appear, testify and be subject to cross-examination as a witness at the trial at which his prior statement is being offered." 4 Jones on Evidence, supra at § 26:46, p. 410. See also Annot., 29 A.L.R.4th 104, 123, § 8. Where the declarant is absent from the trial,

"there looms a tremendous question as to the reliability of a third-person-witness, the possible inaccuracies of whose testimony cannot be demonstrated by cross-examination. The cross-examiner cannot show that the declarant did not observe accurately, that his powers of perception were inadequate, that his recollection is imperfect, or indeed that he was not telling the truth. Testimony from the relation of a third person to the event, even where the declarant is known, cannot be subjected to such tests. Obviously such testimony is subject to every conceivable hearsay objection."

Jones v. State, 17 Md.App. 209, 300 A.2d 424, 426-427 (1973). Indeed, the Supreme Court of the United States has recognized that out-of-court identifications "would traditionally be categorized as hearsay. [Cit.]" United States v. Owens, 484 U.S. 554, 560(II), 108 S.Ct. 838, 98 L.Ed.2d 951 (1988). Fulfillment of the universal requirement that the declarant testify and be subject to cross-examination avoids the necessity for examining the testimony for indicia of reliability or particularized guarantees of trustworthiness pursuant to the Confrontation Clause. United States v. Owens, supra at 560(II), 108 S.Ct. 838. "In that situation, ... the traditional protections of the oath, cross-examination, and opportunity for the jury to observe the witness' demeanor satisfy the constitutional requirements. [Cit.]" United States v. Owens, supra at 560(II), 108 S.Ct. 838. Therefore, we hold that testimony of a pre-trial identification of the accused is admissible pursuant to the rule stated in Haralson only if the declarant testifies at trial and is available for cross-examination. This rule carries "the admissibility of testimony concerning extrajudicial identifications to its ultimate boundaries...." Howard v. State, 4 Md.App. 74, 241 A.2d 192, 194 (1968). Accordingly, we overrule Woodard v. State, 175 Ga.App. 449, 450(3), 333 S.E.2d 645 (1985), which applied the hearsay exception for out-of-court identifications even though the declarant did not testify and was not available for cross-examination, as well as two other cases wherein the Court of Appeals followed Woodard, but correctly perceived its difficulties, Neal v. State, 211 Ga.App. 829, 830(1)(b), 440 S.E.2d 717 (1994) and Wade v. State, supra at 700(1), 431 S.E.2d 398. We also overrule Haralson and any other decision to the extent that they implicitly conflict with our present holding.

The investigator in this case testified that two persons present at the crime scene "selected" the photograph of White.

Certainly the hearsay aspect of identification cannot be avoided by eliminating words of identification but permitting evidence of demonstrative identification. Should such evasion of the hearsay rule be countenanced, the door would be open to testimony as to pointing of fingers, shaking of heads, grimaces of joy or disgust, all suggestive of the game of Charades. To permit the [investigator] to testify that the absent witness[es] picked [White's] photograph from a group of photographs is fully as effective as testimony of ... actual spoken identification[s].

Jones v. State, supra at 427. See also 2 McCormick on Evidence, supra at § 250, p. 106; Green, Ga. Law of Evidence § 217, p. 408 (4th ed.1994). Accordingly, Montos v. State, 212 Ga. 764, 767(6), 95 S.E.2d 792 (1956) is hereby overruled. Because the two persons who picked White out of a photographic lineup did not testify at the trial, the investigator's testimony thereof was not admissible under the hearsay exception for pre-trial identifications.

3. "The State urges that the testimony was admissible under the necessity exception, but it made no such showing at trial. [Cit.]" Felder v. State, 270 Ga. 641, 645(8), 514 S.E.2d 416 (1999). Indeed, the prosecutor sought admission of the identification testimony only under Haralson, and not under the necessity exception to the hearsay rule. The determination under that hearsay exception of whether the testimony was necessary and accompanied by particular guarantees of trustworthiness is a matter for the trial court's discretion. Gissendaner v. State, 272 Ga. 704, 711(6), 532 S.E.2d 677 (2000); Butler v. State, 270 Ga. 441, 447(6), 511 S.E.2d 180 (1999). However, the State did not ask the trial court to...