Whitley v. Dallas Area Rapid Transit
| Decision Date | 18 December 2001 |
| Docket Number | No. 05-00-01167-CV.,05-00-01167-CV. |
| Citation | 66 S.W.3d 472 |
| Parties | Harold WHITLEY, Appellant, v. DALLAS AREA RAPID TRANSIT d/b/a DART, Appellee. |
| Court | Texas Court of Appeals |
John P. Knouse, Knouse & Knouse, Dallas, for appellant.
Hyattye O. Simmons, DART—Legal Department, Dallas, for appellee.
Before Justices KINKEADE, WRIGHT, and FITZGERALD.
Harold Whitley appeals the trial court's granting of Dallas Area Rapid Transit's ("DART") plea to the jurisdiction based on sovereign immunity, arising from Whitley's claims that the negligence of a DART bus driver proximately caused him injuries. In its plea to the jurisdiction, DART claimed Whitley's pleadings failed to raise a fact issue as to whether the injury was caused by the use of the motor vehicle. In his sole issue on appeal, Whitley contends his pleadings were sufficient to confer jurisdiction on the trial court. Because we conclude Whitley's pleadings raised a justiciable fact question as to waiver of immunity, we conclude the trial court did have subject-matter jurisdiction over Whitley's cause of action. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the case for further proceedings.
Harold Whitley has cerebral palsy, which affects his ability to speak, impairs his movement, and causes him physical pain. He is a regular DART bus passenger and carries a special pass that identifies him as disabled. On September 22, 1997, Whitley was a passenger on DART bus 475 and was sitting in the seat directly behind the driver. According to Whitley, a woman boarded the bus after him and began causing some disturbance. Initially, the woman verbally harassed Whitley, but when he asked her to move to another seat, the woman pulled out a razor blade box cutter from her purse and threatened him with it. Although other passengers succeeded in moving the woman to the back of the bus, she later ran toward Whitley with a knife, again threatening to kill him.
The bus driver, in an apparent attempt to defuse the situation, stopped the bus far from Whitley's stop and ordered Whitley to get off the bus "for a minute" in an area unfamiliar to Whitley. The bus driver promised Whitley he would return in the bus in a few minutes to pick him up. When Whitley got off, the woman on the bus loudly claimed, "I'm fixing to get off, I'm going to kill that motherfucker." Approximately two blocks later, she got off at her stop, still loudly announcing her intent to kill Whitley. The bus driver chose not to return for Whitley as promised. Carrying through with her threats, the woman gathered her son and a number of his friends, who found Whitley where he was still waiting for the bus to return and severely beat him with iron pipes, boards, and ropes, leaving him for dead. The attack left Whitley with multiple injuries, including facial fractures and a bilateral orbital fracture. Whitley required emergency medical treatment and several surgeries during a ten-day stay at Parkland Hospital.
The trial court granted DART's plea to the jurisdiction, dismissing Whitley's claim in its entirety. A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea; its purpose is "to defeat a cause of action without regard to whether the claims asserted have merit." Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex.2000). The plea challenges the trial court's authority to determine the subject matter of a pleaded cause of action. Tex. State Employees Union/CWA Local 6184 A.F.L.C.I.O. v. Tex. Workforce Comm'n, 16 S.W.3d 61, 65 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, no pet.); State v. Benavides, 772 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied). The existence of subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law; thus, we review de novo the trial court's ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction. Tex. State Employees Union, 16 S.W.3d at 65.
The plaintiff has the burden to allege facts affirmatively demonstrating that the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction. Tex. Ass'n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993). A district court is required to liberally construe the allegations in favor of jurisdiction unless the face of the petition affirmatively demonstrates a lack of jurisdiction. Peek v. Equip. Serv. Co., 779 S.W.2d 802, 804 (Tex.1989). Dismissing a cause of action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is proper only when it is impossible for the plaintiff's petition to confer jurisdiction on the trial court. TRST Corpus, Inc. v. Fin. Ctr., 9 S.W.3d 316, 320 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied).
In our review of the trial court's order dismissing a cause for want of jurisdiction, we must "construe the pleadings in favor of the plaintiff and look to the pleader's intent." Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d at 446. Our task is to determine whether Whitley pleaded a claim that appropriately invoked the trial court's jurisdiction.
In Texas, a governmental unit is immune from tort liability unless the Legislature has waived immunity. Dallas County Mental Health & Mental Retardation v. Bossley, 968 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1998). Whitley's petition cites section 101.021 of the Texas Tort Claims Act (the "Act"). The Act provides that sovereign immunity is waived—and a governmental unit may be sued—for personal injuries proximately caused by the negligence of an employee, acting within his scope of employment, if those injuries arise from the operation or use of a motor vehicle. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 101.021(1) (Vernon Supp.2001). Whitley's petition makes reference to each of these elements. He has sufficiently identified the waiver of immunity upon which he relies in this suit against DART.
The issue before this Court is whether Whitley's factual pleadings, construed in his favor, indicate that Whitley could state a colorable claim under section 101.021(1) of the Act. There is no dispute as to DART's status as a governmental unit within the meaning of the Act or the bus driver's status as an employee of DART, acting within the course and scope of his employment as a bus driver. The specific question for us, then, is whether Whitley's injuries could have arisen from the operation or use of a DART bus. While the term "use" is not defined in the Act, the Texas Supreme Court has consistently held it to mean "put into action or service; to employ or apply to a given purpose." Kassen v. Hatley, 887 S.W.2d 4, 14 (Tex. 1994) (quoting LeLeaux v. Hamshire-Fannett Indep. Sch. Dist., 835 S.W.2d 49, 51 (Tex.1992)).
Several courts have addressed the question of whether use or operation of a motor vehicle can be found in cases where passengers have been injured after being let off a bus. DART relies on one of these cases, Ransom v. Center for Health Care Services, 2 S.W.3d 643 (Tex.App-San Antonio 1999, pet. denied), to argue that Whitley's injuries did not arise from the use or operation of the bus. In Ransom, the San Antonio court determined the bus driver's decision to let a disabled passenger off across the street from the home where he lived amounted to a failure to properly supervise, and not negligent use or misuse of the bus itself. See id. at 645. We do not agree with DART that Ransom controls this case, and conclude the facts of this case are more analogous to bus cases where a fact issue existed as to use or operation of the bus.
In Contreras v. Lufkin Independent School District, 810 S.W.2d 23, 24-25 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1991, writ denied), a case relied on by Whitley, the Beaumont Court of Appeals found a fact issue as to use or operation of a motor vehicle when a six-year old student was hit and killed by a car after being let off the school bus at the wrong stop. Although Contreras has been criticized, a recent opinion, Austin Independent School District v. Gutierrez, 54 S.W.3d 860 (Tex.App.-Austin 2001, pet. filed), discusses...
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