Wich v. Fleming

• Decision Date: 06 April 1983
• Docket Number: No. C-1334,C-1334
• Citation: 652 S.W.2d 353
• Parties: Joan Hohlt WICH, et al., Petitioners, v. Marian W. FLEMING, Executrix of the Estate of Mabel Giddings Wilkin, Deceased, Respondents.
• Court: Texas Supreme Court

Page 353

652 S.W.2d 353

Joan Hohlt WICH, et al., Petitioners, v. Marian W. FLEMING, Executrix of the Estate of Mabel Giddings

Wilkin, Deceased, Respondents.

No. C-1334.

Supreme Court of Texas.

April 6, 1983.

Rehearing Denied June 8, 1983.

Rehearing Denied July 6, 1983.

Fulbright & Jaworski, Fred M. Lange, Roger Townsend, Joseph C. Sleeth, Jr. and Jeffrey D. Talmadge, Houston, for petitioners.

Reynolds, Allen, Cook, Pannill & Hooper, William Pannill, Kay K. Pierce and Ann Ryan Robertson, Houston, for respondents.

CAMPBELL, Justice.

This is an appeal from a summary judgment denying probate of the purported will of Dr. Mabel Giddings Wilkin. The court of appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court and remanded the cause. 638 S.W.2d 31. On motion for rehearing, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and affirm the trial court's judgment.

Dr. Wilkin executed her will at a bank in Brenham, Texas on December 22, 1979 before her attorney and an employee of the bank. She signed her name on the last page of the will. The witnesses did not sign immediately below her signature, but instead signed at the conclusion of the self-proving affidavit located at the bottom of the same page. The witnesses testified concerning these facts in depositions which were filed with the court, and all parties agree that Dr. Wilkin and the two witnesses believed they were executing the will validly.

In Boren v. Boren, 402 S.W.2d 728 (Tex.1966), we held that a will was not admissible to probate if the witnesses had signed only the self-proving affidavit attached to the will. The premise of this holding was that the will and the self-proving affidavit require different types of intent on the part of the witness and serve different purposes. The attesting witness is expressing his present intent to act as a witness. The witness executing a self-proving affidavit is swearing to the validity of an act already performed. In the present instance, as in Boren, the self-proving affidavit states the witnesses' "names are subscribed to the annexed [and] foregoing instrument ..." and that "each witness stated further that they did sign the same as witnesses...." The witnesses in fact had not previously signed the will as witnesses. Therefore, neither the intent to presently attest nor the intent to substantiate a previous attestation was accomplished.

The functions of the two provisions vary as well. Proper attestation by two qualified witnesses validates an otherwise properly executed will; the only purpose of the self-proving affidavit is to eliminate the necessity for the testimony of the subscribing witnesses when the will is offered for probate. As we stated in Boren, "it was not the purpose of the Legislature [when enacting this alternative means of proving a will] to amend or repeal the requirement that the will must meet the requirements of the law." Id. at 729. A properly executed will is a condition precedent to the usefulness of a self-proving affidavit. Without a preexisting, valid will, the self-proving affidavit is ineffective for any purpose. The Boren rule has been followed consistently. E.g., Jones v. Jones, 630 S.W.2d 645 (Tex.Civ.App.--Dallas 1980, writ ref'd); Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children v. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Inc., 629 S.W.2d 767 (Tex.Civ.App.--Dallas 1981, writ ref'd); In re Estate of McDougal, 552 S.W.2d 587 (Tex.Civ.App.--Tyler 1977, writ ref'd n.r.e.); McLeroy v. Douthit, 535 S.W.2d 771 (Tex.Civ.App.--Fort Worth), writ ref'd n.r.e. per curiam, 539 S.W.2d 351 (Tex.1976); Cherry v. Reed, 512 S.W.2d 705 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.); In re Estate of Pettengill, 508 S.W.2d 463 (Tex.Civ.App.--Amarillo 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

Fleming, the executrix, attempts to avoid application of the Boren rule on several grounds. She argues the rule should be inapplicable if witnesses are available to prove proper execution at the time the will Fleming urges Boren is distinguishable because here the portion of the self-proving affidavit the witnesses signed was on the same page as the testatrix' signature. The witnesses in Boren signed a self-proving affidavit which was attached to the will. We do not find this difference significant. The will and the self-proving affidavit are separate and distinct documents; their appearance on a single sheet of paper does not alter their separate character. Section 59 of the Probate Code requires two competent witnesses to attest the execution of the will. Tex.Prob.Code Ann. § 59 (Vernon 1968). The attestation must appear on the will--not on another document. As pointed out in Boren, "the self-proving provisions attached to the will are not a part of the will but concern the matter of its proof only." 402 S.W.2d at 729. Only recently we refused the application for writ of error in Jones v. Jones, 630 S.W.2d 645 (Tex.Civ.App.--Dallas 1980, writ ref'd), in which a will was denied probate because the witnesses signed only the self-proving affidavit, even though they signed the affidavit twice, and the first set of signatures appeared on the same page as the end of the will.

is offered for probate. We disposed of this issue in Boren by citing with approval the holding in McGrew v. Bartlett, 387 S.W.2d 702 (Tex.Civ.App.--Houston 1965, writ ref'd). A will was denied probate in that case because the witnesses signed only the self-proving affidavit, even though testimony of a witness to the will was introduced that she, the other witness, and the testatrix all thought they were signing the will at the appropriate places. As recently reiterated by this Court, even clear evidence of intent cannot abrogate the mandatory provisions of the probate code. Morris v. Morris, 642 S.W.2d 448, 450 (Tex.1982).

Fleming suggests we ignore the language of the affidavit and consider the witnesses' signatures as appearing directly below the testatrix' signature, as required by section 59. We cannot assume the parties signing the affidavit, one of whom was an attorney, did not read and were unaware of the language of the affidavit and its import. Although the result reached here may seem harsh, it must be noted this will was drafted and executed thirteen years after our decision in Boren which expressly disapproved this procedure.

The right of a person to devise property at his death to another is a purely statutory right. Poole v. Starke, 324 S.W.2d 234, 236 (Tex.Civ.App.--Fort Worth 1959, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Maxey v. Queen, 206 S.W.2d 114, 116 (Tex.Civ.App.--Fort Worth 1947, writ ref'd n.r.e.). If the requirements for disposing of property by will are to be altered, it is the province of the Legislature, not this Court, to effect those changes. It is significant to note the Legislature has amended section 59 of the Probate Code twice since the date of the Boren decision, but has not modified the statutory requirements at issue here. 1971 Tex.Gen.Laws, Ch. 173, § 5 at 974; 1969 Tex.Gen.Laws, Ch. 641, § 5 at 1922. "[T]he Legislature must be regarded as intending statutes, when repeatedly reenacted, as in the case here, to be given that interpretation which has been settled by the courts." Marmon v. Mustang Aviation, Inc., 430 S.W.2d 182, 187 (Tex.1968).

Fleming next urges this Court to remand the issue of attorney's fees to the court of appeals so the adequacy of her award may be passed on by that court. This issue is presented to us for the first time in Fleming's motion for rehearing. Although the issue was raised by her as a point of error in her brief before the court of appeals, the issue expressly was not reached by that court. Fleming did not present the point in a motion for rehearing, in an application for writ of error, or as a cross-point in her reply to the Wich application for writ of error.

Although an executor is entitled to be reimbursed for reasonable expenses spent in a good faith attempt to defend a will, whether successful or not, we have held the executor's suit for recovery of attorney's fees must be brought in the original will contest. Russell v. Moeling, 526 S.W.2d 533 (Tex.1975); Tex.Prob.Code Ann. § 243 (Vernon 1980). The action of the Fleming contends she was not required to raise the point on rehearing in the court of appeals or as a crosspoint here because she was the prevailing party in the intermediate court. She relies on our decisions of McKelvy v. Barber, 381 S.W.2d 59 (Tex.1964) and Taggart v. Taggart, 552 S.W.2d 422 (Tex.1977). We find neither of these cases to be controlling. In McKelvy, an independent, alternative ground for upholding the trial court's judgment was presented to and briefed in the court of appeals, but the ground was not reached by that court in its affirmance of the trial court's judgment. We considered the merits of the alternative ground in reversing the lower courts' judgments, even though the ground was not presented to this Court as a point of error in petitioner's application for writ of error. We do not have the McKelvy situation here. The issue of attorney's fees is an integral aspect of the will contest and could not stand as an independent basis for admitting or denying probate of the will.

court of appeals, therefore, had the effect of making the trial court's determination res judicata to any future action Fleming might pursue for her attorneys' fees. The omission of the court of appeals to address the attorney's fee claim was harmful to Fleming. She had the obligation to present the error to that court in a motion for rehearing and to this Court by point or crosspoint to preserve the error.

In Taggart, we held it was unnecessary for a party to file a crosspoint in this Court if the point had been presented to the court of appeals and a wholly favorable judgment had been obtained from that court. The court of appeals opinion, as noted above, was not wholly favorable to Fleming. Fleming has waived her right to have this Court consider her claim regarding attorney's fees....