Wilkerson v. State

• Decision Date: 23 December 2019
• Docket Number: S19G0472
• Citation: 837 S.E.2d 300,307 Ga. 574
• Parties: WILKERSON v. The STATE.
• Court: Georgia Supreme Court

307 Ga. 574

837 S.E.2d 300

WILKERSON

v.The STATE.

S19G0472

Supreme Court of Georgia.

Decided: December 23, 2019

Christina Rupp Cribbs, Veronica M. O’Grady, Georgia Public Defender Council - Appellate Division, 104 Marietta Street NW Suite 600, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, for Appellant.

Thomas S. Bishop, Patula Judicial Circuit District Attorney’s Office, P.O. Drawer 30, Cuthbert, Georgia 39840, for Appellee.

Blackwell, Justice.

After he was tried by an Early County jury and found guilty of ten aggravated assaults, Jason Edwin Wilkerson filed a motion for new trial. The trial court granted his motion as to three of the assaults, concluding that the evidence was legally insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Wilkerson was guilty of those assaults, and concluding as well that a new trial was warranted upon the "general grounds." The State appealed, and in State v. Wilkerson, 348 Ga. App. 190, 820 S.E.2d 60 (2018), the Court of Appeals reversed the determination that the evidence was legally insufficient, see id. at 193-196 (1), 820 S.E.2d 60, and vacated the grant of a new trial on the general grounds. See id. at 196-198 (2), 820 S.E.2d 60. With respect to the general grounds, the Court of Appeals acknowledged that a trial court has substantial discretion to award a new trial under the general grounds, see id. at 196-197 (2), 820 S.E.2d 60, but it concluded that the trial court abused its discretion by improperly conflating the standard for the general grounds and the distinct standard by which the legal sufficiency of the evidence is assessed. See id. at 198 (2), 820 S.E.2d 60. We issued a writ of certiorari to review the decision of the Court of Appeals as to the general grounds, and we now reverse.¹

The Court of Appeals was right to note that the general grounds and a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence present distinct issues. As we explained in White v. State, 293 Ga. 523, 523-524 (1), (2), 753 S.E.2d 115 (2013) :

[When we] assess the legal sufficiency of the evidence ..., we apply the familiar standard of Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.E.2d 560 (1979), asking whether any rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt from the evidence adduced at trial that [the defendant] is guilty of the crimes of which he was convicted. As to the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and we put aside any questions about conflicting evidence, the credibility of witnesses, or the weight of the evidence, leaving the resolution of such things to the discretion of the trier of fact. ... Even when the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a conviction, a trial judge may grant a new trial if the verdict of the jury is "contrary to ... the principles of justice and equity," OCGA § 5-5-20, or if the verdict is "decidedly and strongly against the weight of the evidence." OCGA § 5-5-21. When properly raised in a timely motion, these grounds for a new trial—commonly known as the "general grounds"—require the trial judge to exercise a broad discretion to sit as a "thirteenth juror." In exercising that discretion, the trial judge must consider some of the things that she cannot when assessing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, including any conflicts in the evidence, the credibility of witnesses, and the weight of the evidence.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) But absent some indication in the record to the contrary, we generally presume that trial judges understand this distinction, see Wilson v. State, 302 Ga. 106, 108 (II) (a), 805 S.E.2d 98 (2017), and here, the record gives us no reason to conclude that the trial court erroneously conflated the general grounds and the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Indeed, in its order granting the motion for new trial, the trial court cited Jackson for the standard by which the legal sufficiency of the evidence is to be assessed, and it cited OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21 for the standard under the general grounds. Separately applying these distinct standards, the trial court concluded that the motion should be granted under both standards: "The Court finds that the convictions for Counts 6, 7, and 8 are strongly against the weight of the evidence, are contrary to the evidence and the principles of equity and justice, and there was not sufficient evidence to allow a rational trier of fact to find [Wilkerson] guilty of these Counts." That the trial court announced its separate conclusions in one sentence does not show legal error.

There is nothing in the record to support the determination of the Court of Appeals that the trial court erroneously conflated the standards for the general grounds and the legal sufficiency of the evidence and did not, therefore, properly exercise its discretion under the general grounds.² To the extent that the Court of Appeals vacated the grant of a new trial on the general grounds, its judgment is reversed.

Judgment reversed in part.

All the Justices concur.

Bethel, Justice, concurring.

At the argument of this case, the State suggested that affirming the Court of Appeals’ reversal of the trial court’s grant of a motion for new trial on the general grounds was warranted because the trial court "got it wrong." Because this argument echoes arguments advanced by the State in recent cases before this Court, see, e.g., State v. Beard , Case No. S19A0535, ––– Ga. ––––, 835 S.E.2d 273 (decided October 31, 2019), I write separately in hopes of briefly clarifying the history, role, and proper review standard applicable to the general grounds.

Since the advent of our collective sovereignty, the people of Georgia have entrusted Judges of the Superior Court with great and extensive powers. From the earliest days of statehood, those powers have included the power to grant a new trial when the judge finds the verdict to be "contrary to evidence and principles of justice and equity." ROBERT WATKINS AND GEORGE WATKINS , 1799 WATKINS DIGEST OF STATUTES 707-708 (1800). Indeed, prior to codification, it appears this authority had its roots in the common law. 3 WILLIAM BLACKSTONE, COMMENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF ENGLAND 387 (1768). (judge authorized to grant new trial "if it appears by the judge’s report, certified by the court, that the jury have brought in a verdict without or contrary to evidence, so that he is reasonably dissatisfied therewith"). This authority now can be found in OCGA § 5-5-20, which provides that trial court judges may grant new trials "when the verdict of the jury is found contrary to evidence and the principles of justice and equity." This power was exercised by Judges of the Superior Court without any independent appellate review prior to the establishment of this Court in 1845.

During the earliest terms of this Court’s jurisprudence, we had occasion to examine the extent and nature of this power. And we did. See Peck v. Land , 2 Ga. 1, 16 (1847) (affirming trial court’s denial of new trial); Hall v. Page , 4 Ga. 428, 438 (1848) (holding that trial courts were only allowed to set aside a jury verdict if it was "clearly against evidence, or manifestly without evidence"); Stroud v. Mays , 7 Ga. 269, 273-274 (1849) (reversing grant of new trial where trial court deemed verdict contrary to evidence); Flournoy v. Newton , 8 Ga. 306, 312 (1850) (same); Walker v. Walker , 11 Ga. 203, 205-206 (1852) (same); Powell v. Bigley , 14 Ga. 41, 43 (1853) (same); Williamson v. Nabers , 14 Ga. 286, 310 (1853) (same, explaining that trial judges cannot set aside verdicts against the weight of evidence "unless the preponderance be so great as to shock the understanding, and moral sense" because to do so infringed on the right to trial by jury). Following this earliest appellate consideration of the then-existing statute, the General Assembly, in 1854, buttressed this rule through the enactment of additional language now found in OCGA § 5-5-21, which provides that "[t]he presiding judge may exercise a...