Williams v. Taylor

• Citation: 181 Cal.Rptr. 423,129 Cal.App.3d 745
• Parties: Theodore J. WILLIAMS, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Howard TAYLOR, et al., Defendants and Respondents. Civ. 20930.
• Decision Date: 03 March 1982
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Page 423

181 Cal.Rptr. 423

129 Cal.App.3d 745

Theodore J. WILLIAMS, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Howard TAYLOR, et al., Defendants and Respondents.

Civ. 20930.

Court of Appeal, Third District, California.

March 3, 1982.

As Modified March 16, 1982.

Douglas C. Sohn, Redding, for plaintiff and appellant.

Halkides & Morgan, Arthur L. Morgan and Geoffrey A. Mires, Redding, for defendants and respondents.

SPARKS, Associate Justice.

In this appeal we examine the question of privilege in the context of a commercial slander. Plaintiff Williams brought this action alleging various causes of action against his former employer, Taylor Motors, Inc. (Taylor Motors); the company's president, Howard Taylor; and the company's general manager, Jerry Newcomer. ¹ The trial court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment as to all causes of action alleged in plaintiff's complaint. We affirm.

Prior to May 1979, plaintiff was employed as manager of the body shop of defendant Taylor Motors. In May 1979, plaintiff's employment was terminated. According to defendant Taylor's declaration, he became alerted to a "problem" in the body shop and began an investigation. His investigation disclosed numerous inconsistencies in the company's work records, including missing repair orders, the appearance of fictitious names on various repair orders, time logs which did not accurately reflect the time actually spent working on automobiles, and unauthorized work which was performed on company time and at company expense. It further appeared to Taylor that plaintiff was responsible for the questionable activity.

In September 1979, Taylor contacted the Redding Police Department and reported his findings. Officer Gale Jackson was assigned to the case. After a month-long investigation, Jackson concluded plaintiff was criminally responsible. Jackson submitted his findings to the Shasta County District Attorney's Office, and a criminal complaint against plaintiff was filed. The complaint charged plaintiff with two counts of grand theft (Pen.Code, § 487, subd. 1) and two counts of embezzlement. (Pen.Code, § 508.) A preliminary examination was held in November 1979; the magistrate made no findings with respect to one charge each of grand theft and embezzlement, but bound plaintiff over for trial with respect to the two other counts. On the day of trial, the charge of grand theft was dismissed on motion of the People; thereafter, a jury trial was held on the remaining charge of embezzlement, and plaintiff was acquitted.

Following his acquittal, plaintiff filed suit, alleging slander, malicious prosecution and intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress. Defendants moved for and were granted summary judgment. Plaintiff appeals from that judgment.

I

In his first cause of action for slander, plaintiff alleged that between June 1979 and December 1979 defendants Newcomer and Taylor "spoke words of and concerning the plaintiff which accused the plaintiff of committing the crime of theft while employed by TAYLOR MOTORS, INC." Plaintiff further alleged that these "spoken words were heard by Redding Police Officer Gale Jackson, [Keith Sanford, John Swanson, Scotty Merryman] and several other persons whose names are not known to the plaintiff."

Defendants' motion for summary judgment was supported by the declaration of defendants Jerry Newcomer and Howard Taylor and by that of John Swanson and Frank Scott Merryman. In addition, counsel for defendant, Arthur L. Morgan, filed his own declaration and incorporated selected portions of the deposition transcripts taken on the oral examination of Detective Gale Jackson and Keith Sanford.

Plaintiff filed points and authorities in opposition to the motion but did not file any opposing declarations. Instead he sought and obtained an order directing the clerk to receive and file his own deposition, together with the depositions of Gale Jackson and Keith Albert Sanford, Sr. (See Code Civ.Proc., § 2019, subd. (f)(1).) Under that section, these depositions were "filed as part of the record."

Plaintiff asserts there is a triable issue of fact concerning allegedly slanderous statements made by defendants to Keith Sanford and John Swanson, two insurance adjusters who referred business to defendant Taylor Motors. According to the complaint, defendants told Sanford and Swanson that plaintiff committed "the crime of theft while employed by TAYLOR MOTORS, INC." Defendants concede having made statements to both Swanson and Sanford concerning the reasons for plaintiff's termination; they maintain, however, that all such statements were conditionally privileged. We agree.

Civil Code section 47, subdivision 3, ² recognizes a qualified or conditional privilege where the communicator and the recipient have a common interest and the communication is of a kind reasonably calculated to protect or further that interest. (See Deaile v. General Telephone Co. of California (1974) 40 Cal.App.3d 841, 846, 115 Cal.Rptr. 582; Fairfield v. Hagan (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 194, 204-205, 56 Cal.Rptr. 402.) The undisputed evidence submitted by defendants in support of their motion for summary judgment demonstrates that both Swanson and Sanford dealt on a continuing basis with Taylor Motors, and specifically with the manager of the body shop--the position held by plaintiff before he was fired. If, as defendants believed, plaintiff abused his position as body shop manager by engaging in criminal activity, it was important for defendants to bring this fact to the attention of those who directed business to that part of the operation. Defendants were not only protecting their own interests, but also the interests of the adjusters who referred business to Taylor Motors.

Plaintiff's position appears to be that there is no qualified privilege within the context of a business-customer relationship. He is mistaken. "Decisional law has recognized the defense of qualified privilege in a variety of commercial settings ...." (Warfield v. McGraw-Hill, Inc. (1973) 32 Cal.App.3d 1041, 1046, 108 Cal.Rptr. 652; Stationers Corp. v. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. (1965) 62 Cal.2d 412, 418, 42 Cal.Rptr. 449, 398 P.2d 785; Roemer v. Retail Credit Co. (1970) 3 Cal.App.3d 368, 370-371, 83 Cal.Rptr. 540.) This case comes within the ambit of these cases. Plaintiff does not dispute that both insurance adjusters referred business to the body shop. Moreover, the evidence is without conflict that all "plaintiff-related" statements made by defendants to Swanson and Sanford concerned the reasons for plaintiff's termination; "[a]s such, they were of a kind reasonably calculated to protect or further a common interest of both the communicator and the recipient." (Deaile v. General Telephone Co. of California, supra, 40 Cal.App.3d at p. 847, 115 Cal.Rptr. 582.)

Since defendants' communications to Swanson and Sanford were qualifiedly privileged, it was plaintiff's burden to show the statements were made with actual malice so as to defeat the privilege. (Warfield v. McGraw-Hill, Inc., supra, 32 Cal.App.3d at p. 1047, 108 Cal.Rptr. 652.) The only evidence offered by plaintiff in support of his claim of malice is Sanford's declaration "[that] Mr. Taylor made the statement that [plaintiff] was a thief." Plaintiff's showing is manifestly deficient. In that same declaration, Sanford states that Taylor's calling plaintiff a thief "was the only derogatory statement I heard in connection with the incident involving [plaintiff's] termination from Taylor Motors, Inc." That Taylor called plaintiff a thief was simply Taylor's conclusion based upon his investigation of what appeared to be criminal conduct on the part of plaintiff. Again, no showing has been made other than that all statements made by Taylor in regard to plaintiff's termination were made in the context of protecting interests valuable to both defendants and those to whom the communications were made. "[I]f the publication is made for the purpose of protecting the interest in question, the fact that the publication is inspired in part by resentment or indignation at the supposed misconduct of the person defamed does not constitute an abuse of the privilege." (Rest.2d, Torts, § 603, com. a, pp. 291-292.)

II

Equally correct was the granting of summary judgment as to plaintiff's claim that slanderous statements were made by defendants to Frank Merryman. Merryman was an employee of a retail outlet which sold paint to defendant Taylor Motors. In his declaration, Merryman states: "Sometime late in 1979 Howard Taylor called me to say that he was following up on some leads to check out Ted Williams. He asked me if I had ever given Ted Williams paint for his personal use and then billed Taylor Motors. I replied that I never had. There was no further conversation and Howard Taylor never said anything derogatory about Ted Williams. I never heard any comments about Ted Williams from Jerry Newcomer." Merryman's declaration was the sole evidence before the trial court relating to defendants' allegedly slanderous statements to Merryman. The granting of defendants' motion for summary judgment as to this cause of action was unquestionably correct.

III

We hold defendants' statements to the Redding Police Department, and in particular, to Officer Jackson, to be absolutely privileged. The gist of these statements concerned the details of Taylor's investigation and his request that the police conduct further investigation into his suspicions of plaintiff's criminal activity.

Section 47, subdivision 2, provides for an absolute privilege with regard to statements made "in any ... official proceeding authorized by law." In our view, a communication concerning possible wrongdoing, made to an official governmental agency such as a local police department, and which communication is designed to prompt action by that entity, is as much a part of an "official proceeding" as a communication made after an official investigation has...