Wroten v. Lamphere

• Decision Date: 16 January 1987
• Docket Number: No. 85-388,85-388
• Citation: 523 A.2d 1236,147 Vt. 606
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court
• Parties: Thomas WROTEN v. R.I. LAMPHERE.

Page 1236

523 A.2d 1236

147 Vt. 606

Thomas WROTEN v. R.I. LAMPHERE.

No. 85-388.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

Jan. 16, 1987.

William M. McCarty and Adam M. Kushner (On the Brief), Brattleboro, for plaintiff-appellant.

Austin D. Hart of Dinse, Erdmann & Clapp, Burlington, for defendant-appellee.

Before HILL, PECK and GIBSON, JJ., and BARNEY, C.J. (Ret.), Specially Assigned.

HILL, Justice.

This is a workers' compensation case in which the claimant appeals a decision of the Commissioner of Labor and Industry (Commissioner) denying his claim for temporary total disability compensation through the period of his vocational rehabilitation.

The claimant suffered a work-related back injury on June 9, 1980. He received treatment from a number of physicians through late 1982 in conjunction with a difficult recovery from his injury. In early 1982, because of claimant's lack of healing progress, his case was referred to Stephanie Andrew, a rehabilitation nurse hired by the employer's insurance carrier, CNA Insurance Company (CNA), for a determination regarding the appropriateness of claimant's present and future medical treatment. Throughout her participation in the case, communication between Andrew and claimant was difficult, stemming primarily from claimant's desire that she communicate with him through his attorney's office.

On November 29, 1982, claimant's treating physician determined that he had reached a medical end result in his treatment, with a 36% permanent disability rating. Because claimant had reached a medical end result, and in view of claimant's progress under the supervision of a state vocational rehabilitation counselor in a training program aimed at eventual reemployment as a real estate photographer, Andrew closed claimant's file in December, 1982.

In early February, 1983, CNA notified the Commissioner that total temporary disability payments would cease as of February 18, 1983, and permanent partial disability benefits would be paid thereafter. CNA requested that claimant sign an Agreement of Permanent Partial Disability Compensation, but he declined to do so. CNA nevertheless paid permanent benefits on a voluntary basis.

Meanwhile, claimant's initial rehabilitation efforts failed, and in April, 1983, he proposed another vocational rehabilitation plan and requested CNA's financial assistance. Claimant planned to attend a twenty-one week photography school. CNA agreed to cover the tuition and expenses. Claimant was involved in the program from October, 1983, until April, 1984, but failed to complete the course requirements.

As of February, 1984, claimant still had not signed the permanent partial disability compensation agreement. At that time, his attorney stated to CNA that it was his position that permanent partial disability benefits should not start until the claimant had completed his vocational rehabilitation, and that he should receive temporary total disability benefits during that period. CNA disagreed, so the parties agreed to submit the question to the Commissioner. 21 V.S.A. § 663. After hearing, the Commissioner ruled in CNA's favor, and this appeal followed.

The Commissioner has certified three questions for review by this Court. 21 V.S.A. § 672. The questions, which we will address seriatim, are:

(1) Was the commissioner correct in denying temporary total disability compensation to the claimant during the period of his vocational rehabilitation or until he returned to work?

(2) Is a defendant employer obligated to develop a rehabilitation plan for an injured employee?

(3) Was the Commissioner correct in denying the claimant attorney fees and costs pursuant to 21 V.S.A. § 678(a)?

I.

Claimant's main argument is that during the course of a full-time vocational rehabilitation program, an injured employee receiving workers' compensation benefits should be considered totally disabled for work and therefore entitled to receive temporary total disability compensation under 21 V.S.A. § 642. ^* The thrust of claimant's argument is that his recovery process has not ended until his vocational rehabilitation is complete. The claimant relies on language in Bishop v. Town of Barre, 140 Vt. 564, 442 A.2d 50 (1982), where we stated that:

Our case law has established different criteria for computing temporary, as opposed to permanent, benefits. Temporary disability benefits are awarded on the basis of an individual's incapacity for work. This involves consideration of not only physical injury, but also of other factors restricting the claimant's capacity to obtain work. In contrast, permanent disability benefits are calculated solely on the basis of physical impairment....

Id. at 571, 442 A.2d at 52 (citations omitted). He argues that his full-time training program is just the type of "other factor" referred to in Bishop that establishes his total incapacity for work, making him entitled to temporary total disability benefits through the period of his vocational rehabilitation. We disagree.

In Orvis v. Hutchins, 123 Vt. 18, 179 A.2d 470 (1962), this Court distinguished between the two types of disability, temporary and permanent, recognized under the Vermont Workers' Compensation Act. Temporary disability is a "condition of reduced earning power that exists until the injured workman is as far restored as the permanent character of his injuries will permit. It is measured by the duration of the healing period." Id. at 24, 179 A.2d at 474. Temporary disability benefits, accordingly, compensate the employee for "the immediate or present loss of wages during the period of physical recovery...." Id. at 22, 179 A.2d at 473.

Permanent disability benefits, on the other hand, are designed "to compensate for the probable reduction in earning power that will attend the employee for the remainder of his working life." Id. Permanent disability is established when the injured employee reaches a medical end result or maximum earning power is restored through resumption of employment, despite continuing medical treatment. At that point, he becomes eligible for scheduled benefits. Id. at 24, 179 A.2d at 474; see 21 V.S.A. §§ 644, 648.

In this case, claimant's healing period ended on November 29, 1982, and the Commissioner correctly applied the holding of Orvis in terminating temporary benefits on that date. This is not to say, however, that temporary disability benefits can never be extended beyond the medical end point, if exceptional circumstances exist to justify such an extension. In Gee v. City of Burlington, 120 Vt. 472, 475-77, 144 A.2d 797, 798-800 (1958), we upheld an order of the Commissioner granting temporary total disability benefits to claimant, even though he had reached a medical end result. Id. at 475-77, 144 A.2d at 798-800. We reasoned that the Commissioner's consideration of claimant's age, low educational level, and lack of qualifications, in addition to physical impairment, was proper in determining that claimant was totally disabled for work. Id. On that basis, the claimant was entitled to temporary benefits until suitable employment could be found. Id.

Our holding in Gee, however, provides no support for claimant's argument. First, the claimant in Gee was not participating in a vocational rehabilitation program. Moreover, the crucial factor underlying the Gee decision was that claimant's injuries, in combination with the other considerations outlined above, prevented him from obtaining any viable employment. Unlike the claimant here, the claimant in Gee was prevented from obtaining any...