Bernardo v. Napolitano
Decision Date | 08 December 2014 |
Docket Number | Civil Action No. 13-11827-DJC |
Parties | HENRY BERNARDO et al., Plaintiffs, v. JANET NAPOLITANO et al., Defendants. |
Court | U.S. District Court — District of Massachusetts |
Defendants, including Janet Napolitano, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (the "Secretary"), have moved to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), D. 19, alleging that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to review the challenge of Plaintiffs to the revocation of Plaintiff Samuel Marino Freitas' work visa. Plaintiffs filed an opposition, D. 21, and the Court heard argument on December 3, 2014. D. 24.
As was undisputed by counsel at the hearing, this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over any discretionary decision of the Secretary of Homeland Security. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) ( ). Congress has further provided that "[t]he Secretary of Homeland Security may, at any time, for what [s]he deems to be good andsufficient cause, revoke the approval of any petition approved by [her] under section 1154 of this title." 8 U.S.C. § 1155.
Seven of eight Circuit Courts have ruled that the decision to revoke a visa is discretionary, although the First Circuit has yet to opine on the matter. Compare Mehanna v. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Servs., 677 F.3d 312, 313 (6th Cir. 2012) ( ); Green v. Napolitano, 627 F.3d 1341, 1345-46 (10th Cir. 2010) ( ); Abdelwahab v. Frazier, 578 F.3d 817, 821 (8th Cir. 2009) ( ); Sands v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 308 F. App'x 418, 419-20 (11th Cir. 2009) ( ); Ghanem v. Upchurch, 481 F.3d 222, 224 (5th Cir. 2007) ( ); Jilin Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Chertoff, 447 F.3d 196, 204 (3d Cir. 2006) ( )(emphasis in original); El-Khader v. Monica, 366 F.3d 562, 567 (7th Cir. 2004) ( ); with ANA Int'l, Inc. v. Way, 393 F.3d 886, 894 (9th Cir. 2004) ( ).
The Court is persuaded by the analysis of the vast majority of the Circuits and disagrees with Plaintiffs' contention that the analysis by these courts ignored the significance of the inclusion of the phrase "good and sufficient cause" in § 1155. For example, in Jilin, the Third Circuit explicitly considered the argument put forward in ANA that "good and sufficient cause" furnished a "meaningful legal standard" which meant the "right or power to revoke approval was not entirely within his judgment or conscience." Jilin, 447 F.3d at 201 (quoting ANA, 393 F.3d at 894) (emphasis in original). The Jilin court held that the plain language of the statute clear, noting that the word "may" in and of itself indicated discretion, and agreed with the characterization that "§ 1155 did not limit revocations to good and sufficient cause, but rather to circumstances in which the Attorney General deems there to be good and sufficient cause." Id. at 201, 204 (citing dissent in ANA) (emphasis in original). Moreover, the court in Jilin concluded that the phrase "for what [the secretary] deems to be good and sufficient cause" was "arguably so subjective as to provide no meaningful legal standard." Id. at 204 ( ). Similarly, the Fifth Circuit in Ghanem considered ANA and disagreed with the Ninth Circuit's analysis, explaining that the "only language that indicates that the discretion could be limited is the 'good and sufficient cause phrase,'" but that the phrase "for what he deems," "vest[ed] complete discretion in the Secretary to determine what constitutes good and sufficient cause." Ghanem, 481 F.3d at 224.
Moreover, the Third Circuit in Jilin considered the argument, that the Plaintiffs press here, that the Secretary could "approve a petition it did not like on Monday, then revoke it onTuesday and be fully insulated from judicial review, whereas, had [she] denied it on Monday, that denial would have been reviewable." Jilin, 447 F.3d at 205 n.11. Despite this asymmetry, the Third Circuit concluded that this was the legislative system that Congress created and "there is ample reason to believe that Congress could have intended to bolster the discretion of the Secretary of Homeland Security to revoke approval of petitions, even if it did so in a strange or roundabout way." Id. The court further relied upon the Supreme Court's guidance that § 1252 is "aimed at protecting the Executive's discretion from the courts—indeed, that can fairly be said to be the theme of the legislation," Reno v. Am.-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm., 525 U.S. 471, 486 (1999), and Congress' removal of certain notice requirements under § 1155 that represented an expansion of administrative discretion. Id.
The division of the Circuits is reflected in this district. Compare De Souza v. Napolitano, No. 12-10197-NMG, 2014 WL 6682650, at *4 (D. Mass. Nov. 26, 2014) (Gorton, J.) ( ); Magalhaes v. Napolitano, 941 F. Supp. 2d 150, 152-53 (D. Mass. 2013) (Gorton, J.) ( ) with Betancur v. Roark, No. 10-11131-NG, slip op. at 3 (D. Mass. Aug. 19, 2011) (Gertner, J.) ( ). Another court in this district "conclude[d] that the arguments that section 1155 commits the revocation decision to the discretion of the agency are more persuasive[,]" but declined to dismiss the claim because of the split in authority and because the issue presented "aclose question." The court then determined the case on the merits. Patel v. Johnson, 2 F. Supp. 3d 108, 118-19 (D. Mass. 2014) (Young, J.).
While it is true that section 1252(a...
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