Mehanna v. United States Citizenship & Immigration Servs.

• Decision Date: 19 April 2012
• Docket Number: No. 11–1110.,11–1110.
• Citation: 677 F.3d 312
• Parties: Nourelain MEHANNA; Reda Barakat, Plaintiffs–Appellants, v. UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES, Detroit District Office, District Director; Field Officer Supervisor for Adjudications; Supervisor of Adjudications; District Adjudications Officer, Defendants–Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

677 F.3d 312

Nourelain MEHANNA; Reda Barakat, Plaintiffs–Appellants,

v.UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES, Detroit District Office, District Director; Field Officer Supervisor for Adjudications; Supervisor of Adjudications; District Adjudications Officer, Defendants–Appellees.

No. 11–1110.

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

April 19, 2012.

OPINION TEXT STARTS HEREON BRIEF: Robert M. Birach, Law Office of Robert M. Birach, P.C., Detroit, Michigan, Michael R. Dezsi, Law Office of Michael R. Dezsi, PLLC, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellants. Derri T. Thomas, Assistant United States Attorney, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellees.Before: MARTIN, SUTTON, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

OPINION

BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge.

The sole issue on appeal in this case is whether this Court has jurisdiction to review a decision of the Secretary of Homeland Security, made pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1155, to revoke a visa petition. If the Secretary's decision to revoke a visa petition is discretionary, this Court lacks jurisdiction to review the decision pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). We hold that the Secretary's decision to revoke a visa petition authorized by section 1155 is discretionary, and we affirm the district court's dismissal of this case for lack of jurisdiction.

I.

In April 2000, Nourelain Mehanna, a citizen of Lebanon and a lawful permanent resident of the United States, filed a Form I–130 relative visa petition on behalf of her son, Reda Barakat. Mehanna sought to classify Barakat as an unmarried, adult child of a permanent resident, a preference category under 8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(2). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services approved the petition in November 2001.

On December 25, 2006, Barakat married a United States citizen. As a result of the marriage, Barakat was admitted to the United States as a conditional permanent resident on August 9, 2007. On June 12, 2008, Barakat's marriage was annulled.

On March 19, 2009, the Detroit office of United States Citizenship and Immigration Services notified Barakat that it intended to terminate his conditional permanent resident status because his marriage had been annulled within two years of when he obtained the status. Barakat responded to the notice, admitted that his marriage was annulled, and, through counsel, advised United States Citizenship and Immigration Services that he had separately applied to adjust his status based on the approved visa petition Mehanna had previously filed on his behalf.

On April 22, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services notified the Director of the National Visa Center and Mehanna that the visa petition classifying Barakat as an unmarried, adult child of a lawful permanent resident, which was approved in November 2001, had been automatically revoked on the date of Barakat's marriage to a United States citizen pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 205.1(a)(3)(i)(I).

On April 30, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services issued Barakat a notice that his status as a conditional permanent resident had been terminated because of the annulment of his marriage. On August 13, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services denied Barakat's application for adjustment of his status as an unmarried, adult child of a permanent resident. On the same date, the Department of Homeland Security served a Notice to Appear on Barakat, thus initiating removal proceedings against him.

Barakat and Mehanna filed this suit before the district court seeking a declaration that Barakat's I–130 visa petition is valid in spite of the annulment of his marriage because, under Michigan law, an annulment voids a marriage ab initio and so United States Citizenship and Immigration Services should treat him as though he were never married. The district court determined that the decision of the Secretary of Homeland Security to revoke a visa petition is discretionary and therefore not subject to judicial review pursuant to section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). Based on this conclusion, the district court dismissed Barakat and Mehanna's complaint for lack of jurisdiction. Barakat and Mehanna appeal the judgment of the district court.

II.

“We review a district court's findings as to whether it had subject matter jurisdiction de novo.” Carson v. U.S. Office of Special Counsel, 633 F.3d 487, 491 (6th Cir.2011). Congress made section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii)—the jurisdiction-stripping provision at issue here—a part of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 66 Stat. 166, 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq., through the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–546. With the enactment of section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), Congress removed from our jurisdiction “any ... decision or action of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security the authority for which is specified under this subchapter to be in the discretion of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security, other than the granting of relief under section 1158(a) of this title.” Section 1252(a) governs 8 U.S.C. §§ 1151–1381 and includes the statute that authorized the Secretary of Homeland Security to revoke Barakat's visa petition, section 1155.

We must determine whether section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) removed our jurisdiction to review the Secretary's decision under section 1155 to revoke a visa petition. See, e.g., Berhane v. Holder, 606 F.3d 819, 821 (6th Cir.2010); Valenzuela–Alcantar v. INS, 309 F.3d 946, 949 (6th Cir.2002). Section 1155 provides that: “The Secretary of Homeland Security may, at any time, for what he deems to be good and sufficient cause, revoke the approval of any petition approved by him under section 1154 of this title.” We must determine whether this language means that the Secretary's decision to revoke a visa petition is an act of “discretion.” If the answer is yes, we do not have authority to review the decision. Berhane, 606 F.3d at 821 (assessing the impact of section 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) on our jurisdiction to review the Attorney General's decision that an alien is ineligible for asylum because he “committed a serious nonpolitical crime”).

This question is an issue of first impression in the Sixth Circuit, but at least seven other circuits have decided the issue. All but one of our sister circuits that have confronted this question have interpreted revocations of visa petitions under section 1155 to be discretionary. See Green v. Napolitano, 627 F.3d 1341, 1344–46 (10th Cir.2010); Abdelwahab v. Frazier, 578 F.3d 817, 821 (8th Cir.2009); Sands v. U.S. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 308 Fed.Appx. 418, 419–20 (11th Cir.2009); Ghanem v. Upchurch, 481 F.3d 222, 223–24 (5th Cir.2007); Jilin Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Chertoff, 447 F.3d 196, 201–05 (3d Cir.2006); El–Khader v. Monica, 366 F.3d 562, 566 (7th Cir.2004); but see ANA Int'l Inc. v. Way, 393 F.3d 886, 889 (9th Cir.2004). We now join the majority of our sister circuits and hold that the Secretary's decision to revoke a visa petition under section 1155 is an act of discretion that Congress has removed from our review.

The plain language of section 1155 reveals that the Secretary has discretion over visa petition revocation. First, section 1155 provides that the Secretary “may” revoke a visa petition. “ ‘[M]ay’ suggests discretion.” Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 697, 121 S.Ct. 2491, 150 L.Ed.2d 653 (2001); see also Kucana v. Holder, ––– U.S. ––––, 130 S.Ct. 827, 836 n. 13, 175 L.Ed.2d 694 (2010) (noting that “[a]bsent [an explicit statement of exception in the Act], asylum applicants might fall within § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii)'s jurisdictional bar because a statutory provision ... specifies that ‘the Attorney General may grant asylum.’ ”). Second, section 1155 provides that the Secretary may revoke a visa petition “at any time,” a phrase that also suggests discretion. See Ghanem, 481 F.3d at 224 (finding that revocation “at any time” “also connotes discretion”); Jilin, 447 F.3d at 203 (finding that the phrase “at any time” “connotes a level of discretion” and noting that the discretion to revoke “at any time” was once limited by a notice requirement the elimination of which indicates Congress's “intent to strengthen the discretion of the Secretary ... to revoke approval of [visa] petitions”); El–Khader, 366 F.3d at 567 (finding that the combination of “may” and “at any time” “plainly signifies a discretionary decision”). Third, section 1155 allows revocation “for what [the Secretary] deems to be good and sufficient cause.” “Deem” means “to form or have an opinion; judge; think.” Random House Dictionary of the English Language 521 (1987). Thus, the statute leaves it to the Secretary's opinion, judgment, or thought, whether there exists “good and sufficient cause” to revoke a petition. With this language, Congress committed the decision of whether to revoke a visa petition to the discretion of the Secretary. See Ghanem, 481 F.3d at 225 (“We interpret the phrase ‘for what he deems' as vesting complete discretion in the Secretary to determine what constitutes good and sufficient cause.”); see also Valenzuela–Alcantar, 309 F.3d at 949 (holding that “the language of [a statute since repealed] expressly commits the ‘extreme hardship’ determination to ‘the opinion of the Attorney General’ ” and thereby empowers the Attorney General to make discretionary decisions about what constitutes extreme hardship).

The Ninth Circuit—the sole circuit court to find that section 1155 does not confer jurisdiction-stripping discretion to the Secretary—determined that under section 1155, “the right or power to [revoke a visa petition] is not entirely within the Attorney General's judgment or conscience” because the “good and sufficient cause” language “constitutes a legal standard the meaning of which we retain jurisdiction to clarify.” ANA Int'l, 393 F.3d at 893–94. This reading, however, requires focusing on the “good and sufficient cause” language to the exclusion of the word “deems.” “It is a cardinal rule...