Bilanko v. Barclay Court Owners Ass'n

• Decision Date: 28 April 2016
• Docket Number: No. 91247–5.,91247–5.
• Citation: 185 Wash.2d 443,375 P.3d 591
• Parties: Carolyn Robbs BILANKO, an individual, Respondent, v. BARCLAY COURT OWNERS ASSOCIATION, a Washington non-profit Corporation, Appellant.
• Court: Washington Supreme Court

185 Wash.2d 443

375 P.3d 591

Carolyn Robbs BILANKO, an individual, Respondent

v.BARCLAY COURT OWNERS ASSOCIATION, a Washington non-profit Corporation, Appellant.

No. 91247–5.

Supreme Court of Washington.

Argued Feb. 18, 2016.

Decided April 28, 2016.

Averil Budge Rothrock, Lawrence A. Costich, Milt Reimers, Schwabe Williamson & Wyatt PC, Seattle, WA, for Appellant.

Matthew Deck Hartman, Impact Law Group PLLC, Jeffrey E. Bilanko, Gordon & Rees LLP, Carolyn Robbs Bilanko, Bracewell LLP, Seattle, WA, for Respondent.

GONZÁLEZ, J.

The Barclay Court Owners Association amended its condominium declaration to restrict the number of units that could be leased at one time. After this amendment was passed and recorded, Carolyn Bilanko purchased a condo at Barclay Court. Four years later, Bilanko challenged the amendment as improperly passed. We must decide whether Bilanko's challenge is timely under the Washington Condominium Act (WCA), chapter 64.34 RCW. We hold that it is not timely and reverse.

Background

¶ 2 Barclay Court is a condominium owners' association for a 28–unit residential condominium development in Seattle, Washington. Barclay Court was organized under the WCA, chapter 64.34 RCW,¹ and recorded its residential condominium declaration (Declaration) on May 2, 2001. Section 9.2 of the 2001 Declaration stated that there was “no restriction on the right of any [o]wner to lease or otherwise rent its [u]nit.” Clerk's Papers (CP) at 111.

¶ 3 Seven years later, Barclay Court amended its Declaration to limit leasing with the stated intent of “preserving and enhancing the value of the Condominium and of the individual units.” Id. at 204, 206. This amendment, “Amendment No. 1,” provided that only seven units could be leased at any time. Under the Declaration, the “imposition of any restrictions on leasing of [u]nits” required only a 67 percent vote to pass. Id. at 194.² However, any changes to the “uses to which any [u]nit is restricted” required a 90 percent vote to pass. Id. at 194. The Declaration does not define the term “use,” and it is not immediately apparent which vote total was needed to approve the amendment.³ We do know that the amendment received at least 67 percent of the vote on October 27, 2008.⁴ The association treated the amendment as effective. It was properly recorded on November 3, 2008.

¶ 4 A year later, Bilanko purchased a two-bedroom unit in Barclay Court. Her recorded statutory warranty deed indicated the property was subject to Barclay Court's Declaration and Amendment No. 1. At some point, Bilanko decided she wanted to lease her unit. Unfortunately, seven units were already being leased at the time. In March 2013, Bilanko asked to be put on the leasing waiting list. She was number five on the waiting list. In September 2013, Bilanko requested a hardship waiver under section 9.2.6.5 of the amendment to allow her to lease her unit. Barclay Court denied Bilanko's request. Bilanko persisted. She notified Barclay Court in October 2013 that she intended to lease her unit beginning in November and would sue unless Barclay Court revised Amendment No. 1. Counsel for Barclay Court responded that Bilanko would violate the Declaration if she leased out her unit and that Barclay Court had the right to evict any unauthorized tenants.

¶ 5 Bilanko sued Barclay Court on July 14, 2014, alleging that the leasing amendment was invalid because it had not received sufficient votes to change the “uses to which any [u]nit is restricted” under RCW 64.34.264 and the Declaration. CP at 1–7. Barclay Court moved for partial summary judgment, arguing that Bilanko's action was barred by the one-year statute of limitations under RCW 64.34.264(2) and an identical one-year limit in the Declaration. Bilanko moved for declaratory relief, arguing that the amendment was not correctly adopted, that it was void ab initio, and that her challenge was not barred by the statute of limitations. The trial court judge initially granted Barclay Court's motion and denied Bilanko's. It found that although Bilanko would have prevailed on the merits had she filed a timely challenge, the statute of limitations under RCW 64.34.264(2) barred her claim. Shortly afterward, the trial judge stayed its order and certified the case for interlocutory review under RAP 2.3(b)(4).

¶ 6 Meanwhile, Division Three of the Court of Appeals held that a challenge to an amendment that was not properly passed under the WCA is not barred by the one-year limitation in RCW 64.34.264(2). Club Envy of Spokane, LLC v. Ridpath Tower Condo. Ass'n, 184 Wash.App. 593, 601, 337 P.3d 1131 (2014). After the Club Envy decision, Bilanko moved the trial court to vacate its previous orders and enter judgment for her. Based on Club Envy, the trial court granted her motion, declared Barclay Court's amendment invalid, and entered summary judgment for Bilanko. The parties stipulated to dismissal of the remaining claims without prejudice under CR 41(a)(1)(A) to facilitate review.

¶ 7 Barclay Court timely sought direct review in this court under RAP 4.2(a)(4) as a fundamental and urgent issue of broad public importance. We granted review.

Analysis

¶ 8 Barclay Court argues that Bilanko's challenge to Amendment No. 1 is time barred under RCW 64.34.264(2). We agree. Under a plain reading of the statute, a challenge to an allegedly invalid amendment cannot be brought more than one year after the amendment is recorded. Unlike in Club Envy, equity does not demand the time limit for this challenge be tolled.

¶ 9 Whether a claim is time barred is a legal question we review de novo. Goodman v. Goodman, 128 Wash.2d 366, 373, 907 P.2d 290 (1995). RCW 64.34.264(2) provides that “[n]o action to challenge the validity of an amendment adopted by the association pursuant to this section may be brought more than one year after the amendment is recorded.” Section 25.1 of the Declaration contains nearly identical language as the WCA barring challenges more than one year after the recording of an amendment.

¶ 10 The plain language of RCW 64.34.264(2) bars challenges to the validity of an amendment brought more than one year after recording the amendment.⁵ Since the statute does not define “validity,” we look to a dictionary to determine its ordinary meaning. State v. Gonzalez, 168 Wash.2d 256, 263, 226 P.3d 131 (2010) (citing Estate of Haselwood v. Bremerton Ice Arena, Inc., 166 Wash.2d 489, 498, 210 P.3d 308 (2009) ). “Valid” is defined as “[l]egally sufficient; binding.” Black's Law Dictionary 1784 (10th ed.2009). This time bar, then, is intended to prevent challenges to whether an amendment is legally sufficient or binding that are brought more than a year after recording the amendment.

¶ 11 Here, Bilanko is challenging the legal sufficiency of the amendment. She argues that the amendment is “invalid because it did not receive the level of owner approval required under the WCA.” Resp't Bilanko's Appellate Br. at 10. Under RCW 64.34.264(2), Bilanko had one year from November 3, 2008, when Barclay Court recorded the amendment, to bring her challenge. Bilanko did not challenge the validity of the amendment until 2014. Bilanko's challenge is time barred under the plain language of RCW 64.34.264(2).

¶ 12 Relying on Club Envy, Bilanko argues that the time bar only applies to amendments that were passed “pursuant to,” or “in compliance with” the requirements of RCW 64.34.264. Resp't Bilanko's Appellate Br. at 31 (citing Club Envy, 184 Wash.App. at 593, 337 P.3d 1131 ). Adopting her approach would require us to consider the merits of a challenge before determining whether the time bar applies—an approach we are reluctant to adopt in this case. In contrast, it is easy to see why the court took that approach in Club Envy. There, the unit owners alleged the condo association president, who had been convicted of fraud in unrelated cases at the time of summary judgment, had fraudulently filed amendments decreasing the allocated interests of each unit owner. Club Envy, 184 Wash.App. at 597–98, 337 P.3d 1131. Nothing in the opinion suggests that any vote was held, and the unit owners were not aware of the amendment until after the amendment was recorded. Id. at 602, 337 P.3d 1131. While not specifically reaching (but hinting strongly) whether in fact the amendments had been fraudulently filed, the Court of Appeals held that a challenge to the “validity of the amendment as not being properly passed by the association pursuant to the WCA is not barred by RCW 64.34.264(2)'s one-year limitation.” Id. at 601, 337 P.3d 1131.

¶ 13 Club Envy dealt with a strikingly different issue than what is present in this case. There, it appears the condo association president committed fraud by recording an amendment that he did not have the legal authority to record without the consent of any of the other unit owners. The court concluded the amendment was void ab initio,⁶ or “void from its inception.” Club Envy, 184 Wash.App. at 600–01, 337 P.3d 1131.

Actions that exceed the decision maker's authority are generally void. See, e.g., S. Tacoma Way, LLC v. State, 169 Wash.2d 118, 123, 233 P.3d 871 (2010) (indicating that a government contract is void only where the government entity “had no authority to enter the contract in the first place”); see In re Pers. Restraint of Thompson, 141 Wash.2d 712, 719–23, 10 P.3d 380 (2000) (holding judgment and sentence invalid where court had no authority to convict defendant of a nonexistent crime); cf. In re Disciplinary Proceeding Against Hammermaster,

139 Wash.2d 211, 219, 985 P.2d 924 (1999) (discussing municipal judge's lack of authority to impose unauthorized sentences). These types of challenges can generally be made outside of a statutory time bar. Club Envy, 184 Wash.App. at 601, 337 P.3d 1131 ; accord

S. Tacoma Way, 169 Wash.2d at 124, 233 P.3d 871 (“If the transaction was truly void, as our cases recognize, it would be subject to challenge and invalidation at any time, perhaps years later.”); see...