Bliss v. Treece

• Decision Date: 07 January 1983
• Docket Number: No. 15842,15842
• Citation: 658 P.2d 169,134 Ariz. 516
• Parties: Drake BLISS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Lee TREECE; Kay L. Treece; Eric Treece, by his next friend, Lee Treece, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: Arizona Supreme Court

Page 169

658 P.2d 169

134 Ariz. 516

Drake BLISS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Lee TREECE; Kay L. Treece; Eric Treece, by his next friend, Lee Treece, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 15842.

Supreme Court of Arizona In Division.

Jan. 7, 1983.

Rehearing Denied Feb. 1, 1983.

Harold C. Stephenson, Flagstaff, for plaintiff-appellant.

Mangum, Wall, Stoops & Warden by Gerald W. Nabours, Flagstaff, for defendants-appellees.

HOLOHAN, Chief Justice.

Appellant Drake Bliss (Plaintiff) appeals from a judgment on a jury verdict in favor of Appellee Eric Treece (Defendant) in a tort action arising from an automobile accident in which Plaintiff sustained personal injuries and damage to his automobile. We have jurisdiction pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-2101(B) and Rule 19(e), Rules of Civil Appellate Procedure, 17A A.R.S. Plaintiff challenges the trial judge's evidentiary ruling on the investigating police officer's opinion testimony as well as the court's decisions regarding certain requested jury instructions.

The essential facts are as follows:

Plaintiff and Defendant in their respective vehicles were en route to Flagstaff on old U.S. Highway 66. The collision occurred as Plaintiff overtook and began to pass Defendant. There is conflicting evidence regarding the events leading to the accident. Plaintiff asserts he was traveling 50-55 m.p.h. when Defendant's car drifted to the right, then veered sharply to the left into Plaintiff's path as Plaintiff began his passing maneuver. According to the Defendant, his vehicle inexplicably pulled to the left just prior to the collision. When the steering mechanism failed to return his car to the right, Defendant applied his brakes. At some point, Defendant's vehicle turned broadside and was hit by Plaintiff's vehicle which was being driven in excess of the speed limit.

There is evidence on the record to corroborate each party's version of the facts.

OFFICER FAIRCHILD'S TESTIMONY

At trial, Flagstaff police officer, John Fairchild, was permitted to offer his opinion that Plaintiff was following Defendant too closely.

Plaintiff claims Fairchild could not testify as an expert for the following reasons:

1) Defendant's response to Plaintiff's interrogatories failed to list Officer Fairchild among the experts to be used at trial;

2) Expert assistance was unnecessary because the jury was capable of determining whether Plaintiff was following too closely;

3) Officer Fairchild was not an accident reconstruction expert; and

4) During pretrial conference and subsequently at trial, the court consistently sustained Plaintiff's objections to Officer Fairchild's "expert" testimony.

The decision to admit expert testimony lies within the trial court's sound discretion. Englehart v. Jeep Corp., 122 Ariz. 256, 594 P.2d 510 (1979); Shell Oil Co. v. Gutierrez, 119 Ariz. 426, 581 P.2d 271 (App.1978); Sequoia Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Halec Construction Co., Inc., 117 Ariz. 11, 570 P.2d 782 (App.1977); Hinson v. Phoenix Pie Co., 3 Ariz.App. 523, 416 P.2d 202 (1966).

Defendant's failure to list Fairchild as an expert witness in answer to Plaintiff's interrogatories did not preclude the court from allowing the officer's expert testimony. The purpose of such interrogatories is to avoid unfair surprise at a point in the proceedings where adequate rejoinder is no longer possible. Here, Plaintiff first called the officer as his own witness. We find no fundamental unfairness in subsequently allowing Defendant to question the officer as an expert.

While the question whether Plaintiff was following too close to Defendant is an issue for the jury, it was not error to allow the officer's testimony. Expert opinion will not be rejected merely because it touches an ultimate issue or possibly invades the "province of the jury." Rule 704, Rules of Evidence, 17A A.R.S.; State v. Williams, 132 Ariz. 153, 644 P.2d 889 (1982).

Officer Fairchild testified that he was not an accident reconstruction expert, but this does not mean that his testimony was inadmissible.

Under Rule 702, Rules of Evidence, 17A A.R.S., a person with "specialized" knowledge may qualify and testify as an expert if his testimony will assist the trier of fact. State v. Williams, supra; State v. Jessen, 130 Ariz. 1, 633 P.2d 410 (1981); Englehart v. Jeep Corp., 122 Ariz. 256, 594 P.2d 510 (1979). Rule 702 has not changed the case law developed in this area. State v. Dickey, 125 Ariz. 163, 608 P.2d 302 (1980). See, e.g., State v. Macumber, 112 Ariz. 569, 544 P.2d 1084 (1976); cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006, 99 S.Ct. 621, 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978); Board of Regents of the University and State Colleges of Arizona v. Cannon, 86 Ariz. 176, 342 P.2d 207 (1959).

"[T]he only true criterion is: on this subject can a jury receive from this person ppreciable help? In other words, the test is a relative one, depending on the particular subject and the particular witness with reference to that subject, and is not fixed or limited to any class of persons acting professionally ..." (Emphasis in original).

7 Wigmore, Evidence § 1923 at 29 (Chadbourn rev. 1978). Fairchild properly qualified as an expert in this matter because his experience in accident investigation was beyond that of the ordinary person.

We recognize Plaintiff's early objections to the officer's testimony were sustained for lack of foundation. Had it been recorded, the side bar conference, preceding the judge's decision to allow the opinion testimony over Plaintiff's final objection, may have explained his rationale for doing so. Where the record is incomplete, a reviewing court must assume any evidence not available on appeal supported the trial court's action. State v. Printz, 125 Ariz. 300, 609 P.2d 570 (1980); Cullison v. City of Peoria, 120 Ariz. 165, 584 P.2d 1156 (1978); State v. Villalobos, 114 Ariz. 392, 561 P.2d 313 (1977). We therefore conclude the trial judge reconsidered his initial determinations regarding Fairchild's status and properly admitted the officer's opinions under Rule 702.

MODIFICATION OF PLAINTIFF'S REQUESTED INSTRUCTION CONCERNING (VOLUNTARY) LANE CHANGE

Plaintiff requested an instruction tracking the language of 9A A.R.S. § 28-729(1). The statute provides in pertinent part:

... A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from that lane until the driver has first ascertained that the movement can be made with safety....

Defendant asked the court to insert the word "voluntarily" to prevent the jury from imposing liability for changing lanes prior to an accident even where, through no fault of his own, the driver lost control of his automobile. Plaintiff faults the trial court for adding the requested language, claiming he was forced thereby to prove an intentional tort.

The statutory language, "shall not be moved," indicates a decision to exclude from its reach those movements which are beyond the driver's control. This interpretation is consistent with existing case law refusing to impose liability where the driver loses control due to a heart attack, stroke, fainting or epileptic spell, or when he falls asleep at the wheel, unless the driver knew or should have known such a contingency was likely and got behind the wheel nevertheless. See, e.g., Pacific Employers Insurance Co. v. Morris, 78 Ariz. 24, 275 P.2d 389 (1954). Similarly, in the absence of prior knowledge, no liability should flow from mechanical malfunctions or loss of control after being struck by another vehicle. O'Donnell v. Maves, 108 Ariz. 98, 492 P.2d 1205 (1972); Platt v. Gould, 26 Ariz.App. 315, 548 P.2d 28 (1976); Dayton v. Palmer, 1 Ariz.App. 184, 400 P.2d 855 (1965); see Prosser, The Law of Torts, § 29 (4th ed. 1971).

Certainly, in this case, the legislature might have fashioned an express exception for emergency situations or sudden mechanical failure as it did in other traffic statutes. See, e.g., 9A A.R.S. § 28-602(19) (specific exceptions to definition of "stop, stopping or standing"); 9A A.R.S. § 28-871(B) and Krauth v. Billar, 71 Ariz. 298, 226 P.2d 1012 (1951) (stopping on highway, disabled vehicle exception); 9A A.R.S. § 28-602(10) and Logan v. Margolis, 5 Ariz.App. 183, 424 P.2d 831 (1967) (loading or unloading exception to prohibited parking). However, the legislature's failure to carve out specific exemptions does not lead inexorably to a conclusion that strict liability was intended for any improper lane change, including those which the driver could not avoid.

The trial judge's insertion of the word "voluntarily" into the statutory language simply reflects policy considerations underlying the statute. It did not, as Plaintiff contends, force him to prove an intentional violation in the sense that Defendant acted purposefully or willfully. Evidence in the record indicates Defendant experienced some difficulty steering his vehicle. If Defendant knew of the steering problems before hand, merely driving the car may have been negligent. There is evidence that Defendant had a slight alignment problem prior to the accident, but there is also evidence that this condition gave him no reason to suspect that the steering was defective.

Plaintiff had the burden of establishing Defendant's negligence. Plaintiff's responsibility for developing his case was adequately set forth in the stock jury instructions on negligence, contributory negligence, causation, burden of proof, etc. The propriety of a court's decision to give or to refuse a particular instruction turns upon the likelihood of jury confusion about the correct rule of law to be applied to the facts. Salt River Valley Water Users' Assoc. v. Arthur, 51 Ariz. 101, 74 P.2d 582 (1937). Doubek v. Greco, 7 Ariz.App. 102, 436 P.2d 494 (1968). Although the statutory language alone would have been a proper jury instruction, insertion of the word "voluntarily" did nothing more than clarify that language. The trial court's addition comports with the plain meaning of the statute and did not...