Buchan v. Buchan

• Decision Date: 11 December 1962
• Docket Number: No. 50803,50803
• Citation: 118 N.W.2d 611,254 Iowa 566
• Parties: , 100 A.L.R.2d 1063 Jay G. BUCHAN, Appellee, v. Burton F. BUCHAN and Norma Buchan, his wife, Appellants.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

Page 611

118 N.W.2d 611

254 Iowa 566, 100 A.L.R.2d 1063

Jay G. BUCHAN, Appellee, v. Burton F. BUCHAN and Norma Buchan, his wife, Appellants.

No. 50803.

Supreme Court of Iowa.

Dec. 11, 1962.

Dwight G. Rider, Fort Dodge, and Bradshaw, Fowler, Proctor & Fairgrave, Des Moines, for Burton F. Buchan and Norma Buchan, defendants-appellants.

Archerd, Birdsall & Draheim, Clarion, for plaintiff-appellee.

Dobbins & Fraker, Champaign, Ill., for defendant-appellee.

Evan Hultman, John M. Stull, George W. Murray, Des Moines, for the State and Iowa State Tax Commission.

R. Ralph Austin, Clarion, attorney and guardian ad litem.

SNELL, Justice.

Rahymond Buchan, a resident of Illinois and the owner of real estate in Illinois and Iowa, died testate in 1907. He was not skilled in punctuation, spelling or syntax. His holographic, but attested will, was admitted to probate in Illinois and subsequently in Wright County, Iowa as a foreign will. It is now before us for construction to determine the devolution of title to Wright County real estate.

Rahymond Buchan was survived by his widow, four sons and one daughter.

Decedent's widow, Margaret J. Buchan, died in 1916 survived by the same children as her husband.

A son, James, died in 1932 survived by issue. They make no claim here.

A son, Collin, died in 1939 survived by issue, a son. He is defendant herein.

A son, Raymond, died in 1948 survived by issue. They make no claim here.

A daughter, Mary, died May 20, 1960 unmarried and without issue.

A son, Jay G. Buchan, survives and is plaintiff herein.

All interested parties except Burton F. Buchan and Norma Buchan, his wife, son and daughter-in-law of Collin, have disclaimed in favor of plaintiff all interest in the land now involved. The issue before us is between Jay G. Buchan, the surviving son of the original testator as plaintiff, and Burton F. Buchan, a son of a deceased son (a grandson) of the testator.

The will of Rahymond Buchan gave to his surviving widow one-third of the net income from all his lands during her life. She elected to take under the will.

To each of his children he gave specifically described real estate. To his daughter Mary he gave the Wright County, Iowa real estate involved herein.

The will is noticeable for its lack of spelling accuracy and lack of punctuation.

Following the devises to the children the will provides:

'Each of them shal keep and improve these Lands subject to my wifes Dower intrest during their lives at their deaths it shal go to their children from their own bodies in case of no child from their own then it shal go to the nearest heirs of my body.'

When Mary died in 1960 without issue her brother, plaintiff herein, and sole survivor of testator's children, claimed the Wright County real estate as his father's nearest heir of the body. Burton F. Buchan, one of testator's grandsons (a nephew of plaintiff), seeks one-fourth of the real estate claiming to be an heir of equal rank.

The trial court held that Mary took only a life estate under the will of her father and that she possessed no inheritable estate at the time of her death. We agree but as there has been no appeal from this part of the Court's Findings, Order and Judgment, discussion is not necessary.

As to the nature of the estate in the land we quote with approval from the trial court's findings:

'Since Mary Buchan acquired only a life estate in the lands devised to her by her father, the question arising is as to the nature of the remainder interest in said lands which was created by the will of Rahymond Buchan.

'The remainder created is contingent and not vested. A vested remainder whereby the estate passes by the conveyance but possession and enjoyment are postponed until the particular estate is determined is where the estate is invariably fixed to remain in certain determined persons. A contingent remainder is limited to take effect to a dubious or uncertain person or upon a dubious or uncertain event.

'In the case at bar the persons who will take the remainder in the lands devised to Mary for life and uncertain. It is uncertain as to which of the children of the testator who are life tenants of specific lands will die with or without issue, and if without issue it is then uncertain as to who are the nearest heirs of the body of the testator at that time. Only upon termination of the life estates could the persons who were entitled to the remainder be ascertained. The devise of the remainder takes effect upon the death of the life tenant and not before. See Pringle v. Houghton, 249 Iowa 731 .

'Mary being deceased, her life estate is ended. It then becomes necessary to ascertain who are the persons who take the remainder interest at her death as provided by the terms of the will of Rahymond Buchan, deceased.'

The sole proposition relied on for reversal is that the court erred in holding that defendant was not one of testator's nearest heirs of the body. The Court held that plaintiff was the sole nearest heir of testator's body and as such took the land.

I. The arguments are devoted to the meaning of the words used by the testator.

It has been held consistently that the purpose of construing a will is to ascertain the testator's intent and give it effect unless contrary to law. Extensive citation of authority is unnecessary. Wright v. Copeland, 241 Iowa 447, 452, 41 N.W.2d 102.

II. Much of the argument is devoted to discussion of the meaning of the word 'heirs.' We have repeatedly held such terms as 'heirs' and 'legal heirs' have no fixed meaning. Technically 'heirs' are those upon whom the law casts the estate immediately on the death of the ancestor.' (Citations) 'Yet this meaning is frequently not applied but the sense in which the term is used is determined from the will and the surrounding circumstances.' (Citations) See page 453, 41 N.W.2d page 106, Wright v. Copeland, supra. See also Slavens v. Bailey, 222 Iowa 1091, 1095, 270 N.W. 367.

Various constructions incident to the premise from which we must proceed are summarized in 95 C.J.S. Wills § 673, as follows:

'The word 'heirs' is not restricted to blood relatives of the testator unless such an intention is manifest.' * * * 'A devise to the testator's 'natural heirs' would mean his mother and [father], rather than cousins of any degree.' * * * 'The terms 'lawful heirs,' 'right heirs,' 'heirs at law,' 'legal heirs,' and 'heirs' have been held to be synonymous.' * * * 'In order to effectuate the intention of the testator as ascertained from the context of the will and the surrounding circumstances, the word 'heirs' has in particular cases, been construed to mean heirs of the body, a limited class of heirs, lineal descendents, blood relatives, such collaterals as would inherit, issue, next of kin, or those who have been previously designated in the will as devisees or legatees.'

In re Estate of Organ, 240 Iowa 797, 801, 38 N.W.2d 100 held that the word 'heirs' was not used in that case in its strict technical sense but was equivalent to children or heirs of the body.

It would be an almost endless and certainly a hopeless task to try to reconcile the pronouncements from the many...