Burns v. Gleason Plant Sec., Inc., 5076

• Decision Date: 14 April 1987
• Docket Number: No. 5076,5076
• Citation: 10 Conn.App. 480,523 A.2d 940
• Court: Connecticut Court of Appeals
• Parties: Edward BURNS et al. v. GLEASON PLANT SECURITY, INC., et al.

Page 940

523 A.2d 940

10 Conn.App. 480

Edward BURNS et al. v. GLEASON PLANT SECURITY, INC., et al.

No. 5076.

Appellate Court of Connecticut.

Submitted on Briefs Feb. 2, 1987.

Decided April 14, 1987.

Alfred P. Forino, Danbury, for appellants (plaintiffs).

Paul M. Clyons, Rocky Hill, for the appellees (named defendant et al.).

Before BORDEN, SPALLONE and BIELUCH, JJ.

BORDEN, Judge.

The dispositive issue in this case is whether the plaintiffs can maintain a cause of action in negligence against the defendants, a security company and its employee, where the employee left a key in the ignition of a company car which was subsequently stolen by a third party, who drove it to the plaintiff's store and, in the course of committing an armed robbery, assaulted the named plaintiff. ¹ The trial court held that the plaintiff could not. We find no error.

The facts fairly provable under the relevant counts of the complaint ² are as follows. The named defendant, Gleason Plant Security, Inc. (Gleason), was engaged in the business of providing security guard and patrol services and was employed in this capacity by Ethan Allen Headquarters and Carriage House in Danbury. Gleason employed the defendant, Cornelia Coons, as a road supervisor. While acting in that capacity, Coons parked her vehicle, a company owned car, in the parking lot of Ethan Allen Headquarters at about 6:10 p.m. on a November evening. The parking lot was in close proximity to a neighborhood with a high incidence of crime. Additionally, within the past twenty-four months, in the parking lot, there had been numerous instances of theft of motor vehicles, larceny from motor vehicles, robbery and threatening with a gun. Coons departed from the car, leaving it unattended and unlocked, with the keys in the ignition. Thereafter, Charles E. Thompson and Anthony Wayne Moore stole the car and drove it to the Airport Spirit Shoppe. At about 7:30 p.m., in the course of committing an armed robbery at the store, Thompson and Moore assaulted the plaintiff by shooting him.

The plaintiff sued Gleason and Coons on the theory that Coons was negligent in failing to remove the key from the vehicle, and in leaving it unattended and unlocked in an area where there was a high crime rate and, consequently, a risk that it would be stolen. The plaintiff claimed that Gleason was negligent in failing to require that its employee remove the keys from the ignition of an unattended car, and failing to supervise its employee adequately.

Gleason and Coons moved to strike the first and third counts of the complaint, asserting that they failed to state claims upon which relief could be granted. The court, J. Healey, J., granted the defendants' motion to strike. Judgment was later rendered on these counts by the court, Moraghan, J. The plaintiff appealed from this judgment.

A motion to strike challenges the legal sufficiency of a pleading. " 'In reviewing the granting of a motion to strike, we take the facts alleged in the complaint and construe them in a manner most favorable to the pleader.' Progressive Casualty Ins. Co. v. DiGangi, 4 Conn.App. 137, 140, 492 A.2d 548 (1985). This includes the facts necessarily implied and fairly provable under the allegations. Id. [, at] 140-41 . It does not include, however, the legal conclusions or opinions stated in the complaint. Fairfield Lease Corporation v. Romano's Auto Service, 4 Conn.App. 495, 497, 495 A.2d 286 (1985)." Tomczuk v. American Mutual Ins. Co., 9 Conn.App. 194, 196, 517 A.2d 1053 (1986).

We assume arguendo that the complaint sufficiently alleges that the defendants were negligent in leaving the keys in the unlocked car. See, e.g., Anderson v. Gengras Motors, Inc., 141 Conn. 688, 691, 109 A.2d 502 (1954); Alberone v. King, 26 Conn.Sup. 98, 213 A.2d 534 (1965); W. Prosser, Torts (4th Ed.) § 33, p. 176. It is clear, moreover, that the complaint sufficiently alleges that the defendant's negligence was a cause in fact, or "but for" cause, of the plaintiff's injuries. We conclude, however, that the defendants' negligence could not have been the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries, because the conduct of Thompson and Moore was, as a matter of law, a superseding cause of the plaintiff's injuries.

"The terms 'intervening cause' and 'superseding cause' have been used interchangeably. See, e.g., Corey v. Phillips, 126 Conn. 246, 253-56, 10 A.2d 370 (1939). The Restatement of Torts makes clear that the doctrine is properly referred to as 'superseding cause,' and that it embodies within it the concept of an 'intervening force.' 2 Restatement (Second), Torts §§ 440 through 453.

"The function of the doctrine of superseding cause is not to serve as an independent basis of liability, regardless of the conduct of a third party whose negligent conduct may have contributed to the plaintiff's loss. The function of the doctrine is to define the circumstances under which responsibility may be shifted entirely from the shoulders of one person, who is determined to be negligent, to the shoulders of another person, who may also be determined to be negligent, or to some other force. 'A superseding cause is an act of a third person or other force which by its intervention prevents the actor from being liable for harm to another which his antecedent negligence is a substantial factor in bringing about.' Id., § 440.

"If the third person's [conduct] is determined to be a superseding cause of the plaintiff's injury, that [conduct], rather than the negligence of the party attempting to invoke the doctrine of superseding cause, is said to be the sole proximate cause of the injury. Virelli v. Benhattie, Inc., 146 Conn. 203, 209, 148 A.2d 760 (1959); see also Miranti v. Brookside Shopping Center, Inc., 159 Conn. 24, 29, 266 A.2d 370 (1969); Corey v. Phillips, supra [, 126 Conn. at] 254-56 . The doctrine serves as a dividing line between two closely related factual situations: where two forces combine to cause the plaintiff's injuries ; and where one force intervenes in such a way as to relieve a negligent defendant from liability. See generally 2 Restatement (Second), Torts §§ 440 through 453. Thus, the doctrine of superseding cause serves as a device by which one admittedly negligent party can, by identifying another's superseding conduct, exonerate himself from liability by shifting the causation element entirely elsewhere.

"The circumstances under which this shifting may take place have been well-defined in our case law. Even if a plaintiff's injuries are in fact caused by a defendant's negligence, a superseding cause may break that causal connection if it 'so entirely supersedes the operation of the defendant's negligence that it alone, without his negligence contributing thereto in any degree, produces the injury; or it must be the non-concurring culpable act of a human being who is legally responsible for such act.' Corey v. Phillips, supra [, 126 Conn. at] 255 . ' "If a defendant's negligence was a substantial factor in producing the plaintiff's injuries, the defendant...