Clark v. State, s. 89-1503

• Decision Date: 15 November 1990
• Docket Number: 89-1748,Nos. 89-1503,s. 89-1503
• Parties: 15 Fla. L. Weekly D2794 Larry CLARK, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
• Court: Florida District Court of Appeals

Page 929

572 So.2d 929

15 Fla. L. Weekly D2794

Larry CLARK, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.

Nos. 89-1503, 89-1748.

District Court of Appeal of Florida,

Fifth District.

Nov. 15, 1990.

Rehearing Denied Jan. 17, 1991.

James B. Gibson, Public Defender, and George D.E. Burden, Asst. Public Defender, Daytona Beach, for appellant.

Robert A. Butterworth, Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, and Rebecca R. Wall, Asst. Atty. Gen., Daytona Beach, for appellee.

W. SHARP, Judge.

Clark appeals his sentences and convictions for armed burglary ¹ of a conveyance and grand theft. ² He argues the court erred when it admitted as substantive evidence at trial the discovery deposition of a state witness who was unavailable at the time of the jury trial. He also argues on appeal that the reasons the trial court imposed a "departure sentence" ³ were legally insufficient. One reason was because Clark burglarized an on-duty police deputy's car and stole the deputy's personal backup handgun. We agree on the first point, and reverse and remand for a new trial.

At the trial, the state presented three witnesses and the discovery deposition. Deputy Walthers testified he parked his patrol car in front of the Harlem Pleasant Cafe in Sanford, Florida, and went into the neighborhood on foot to search for a person for whom arrest warrants had been issued. Walthers thought he locked the patrol car.

When Walthers returned, some thirty minutes later, he discovered his 9 millimeter semiautomatic handgun was missing. Walthers kept his handgun in a green bag between the front seats of the car. He began questioning people he saw in the vicinity. Two were Maxine Campbell and Knight.

Campbell testified she was having dinner on her upstairs porch when she saw the deputy drive up and park across the street from her, with the rear of the car facing her. After he left, she saw Clark go to the rear door on the driver's side, reach in, and open the front door. She saw him grab something off the seat, and leave. But she did not see what he took.

Pursuant to section 90.804(2)(a), Florida Statutes (1987), the state then proffered a discovery deposition given by Knight. That provision, a part of Florida's Evidence Code, states that if a declarant is unavailable as a witness, his testimony will not be considered to be hearsay, if it was:

[G]iven as a witness at another hearing of the same or a different proceeding, or in a deposition taken in compliance with law in the course of the same or another proceeding, if the party against whom the testimony is now offered, ... had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination.

Defense counsel argued only that Knight was not shown by the state to be "unavailable." The prosecutor had merely failed to locate him at his rooming house and had not made adequate efforts to subpoena him for trial. The trial judge recessed the trial to consider how effective and bona fide the prosecutor's efforts had been to subpoena Knight. No record was made of the judge's inquiries, but he later announced he had ruled that Knight was "unavailable."

Just prior to the playing of the tape of the deposition for the jury, defense counsel again objected. But his sole point was that the court should instruct the jury that Knight was unavailable, and thus his earlier deposition was being used in place of a live appearance. The trial judge agreed to do so.

Knight's discovery deposition had been taken a few months before the trial pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.220 by defense counsel. Clark was not present. In his deposition, Knight reported what he had heard "from the street" or "people talking." However, Knight did say Clark told him that he had had the stolen gun; and that he "got rid of it." Knight did not see the gun, and Clark did not admit to Knight that he stole it from the deputy.

The last state witness was Fisher, a man who lived in the neighborhood. He testified that shortly after the burglary, Clark offered to sell him a gun for $100.00. Fisher refused because he did not need it.

The next day policemen came to Fisher's home. They assumed Fisher either had the stolen gun or knew its whereabouts. They questioned him about Walther's 9 millimeter gun. Fisher testified he did not see the gun Clark tried to sell him, and he did not know if it was Walther's stolen weapon.

The jury returned guilty verdicts as to armed burglary and grand theft. The guidelines presumptive sentencing bracket was 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 years. At the sentencing hearing the trial judge imposed concurrent sentences of 8 years and 5 1/2 years. Since the offenses in this case took place after October 1, 1988, the trial court could have gone up to 5 1/2 years (the top of the permitted range) without giving reasons for his "departure." Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.988. The reasons for the departure sentence were: The victim was a law enforcement officer and the offense was committed while the defendant had pending an unrelated criminal case.

I. ADMISSIBILITY OF THE DISCOVERY DEPOSITION AND HARMLESS ERROR

It is now well-established that discovery depositions taken pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.220 are not admissible in criminal trials as substantive evidence, and they may be used only as the rule provides, to contradict or impeach the deponent's testimony. State v. Basiliere, 353 So.2d 820 (Fla.1977); James v. State, 400 So.2d 571 (Fla. 5th DCA 1980), affirmed, 402 So.2d 1169 (Fla.1981). Section 90.804(2)(a) of the evidence code does not change this rule in criminal cases. Only depositions taken pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.190(j) to perpetuate testimony are admissible in criminal trials as substantive evidence. Campos v. State, 489 So.2d 1238 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986); Jackson v. State, 453 So.2d 456 (Fla. 4th DCA 1984); Terrell v. State, 407 So.2d 1039 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981); Robidoux v. State, 405 So.2d 267 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981).

The admission of Knight's deposition in this case was error. However, defense counsel failed to raise the proper objection to its admissibility at trial. Therefore, we can only consider this issue on appeal if the error is "fundamental" or one of constitutional stature involving fundamental rights. Steinhorst v. State, 412 So.2d 332 (Fla.1982); Hines v. State, 425 So.2d 589 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982), rev. denied, 430 So.2d 452 (Fla.1983); Brady v. State, 518 So.2d 1305, 1308 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987), rev. denied, 523 So.2d 576 (Fla.1988).

The Florida Supreme Court held in Basiliere that the basis for excluding discovery depositions in criminal trials was to protect a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to cross-examine and confront witnesses against him. ⁴ In Basiliere, as in this case, defense counsel conducted the discovery deposition which was admitted at trial as substantive evidence. The court said it is unrealistic to expect defense counsel to conduct a vigorous or adequate cross-examination of a witness when counsel has no idea the witness will not be available at trial, and he is merely trying to discover the basis for the charges against his client. ⁵

In Brown v. State, 471 So.2d 6 (Fla.1985), the court held that the erroneous admission of a discovery deposition at a criminal trial constituted fundamental error in the sense that no timely objection at trial was necessary in order to preserve the point on appeal. The court said:

There is no way to correct this error, and we must grant Brown a new trial.

Id. at 7. Significantly, the Brown court did not consider or apply the "harmless error" doctrine.

However, in State v. DiGuilio, 491 So.2d 1129 (Fla.1986), decided one year after Brown, the court held that the harmless error doctrine should be applied to violation of a defendant's Fifth Amendment rights (comment at trial on the defendant's post-arrest silence). It followed Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967):

Automatic reversal of a conviction is only appropriate when the constitutional right which is violated vitiates the right to a fair trial. Chapman holds that comment on the failure to testify is not constitutionally subject to automatic reversal because it does not always vitiate the right to a fair trial and the harmless error analysis should be applied. [C]onstitutional errors, with rare exception, are subject to the harmless error analysis.

Id. at 1134.

Were we to apply the harmless error test in this case, we might reach a different conclusion, because the circumstantial evidence of Clark's guilt is extremely strong. Relying on Brown, we hold that fundamental error occurred below, no timely objection was required to preserve the point on appeal, and this cause must be reversed for a new trial without consideration of the harmless error doctrine. However, because we are in doubt on that latter point, we certify the following question to the supreme court pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.030(a)(2)(B)(i), as one of great public importance.

IN A CASE WHERE THE DEFENDANT'S SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS ARE VIOLATED BY THE IMPROPER ADMISSION OF A DISCOVERY DEPOSITION IN A CRIMINAL TRIAL AS SUBSTANTIVE EVIDENCE, MAY THE APPELLATE COURT APPLY THE HARMLESS ERROR DOCTRINE AS INDICATED IN CHAPMAN AND DIGUILIO ?

II. SENTENCING

Since Clark's convictions must be reversed and a new trial granted, the departure sentences likewise are quashed, and we need not address the validity of the reasons for departure given by the trial court. However, by way of guidance in the event of a retrial, we note that one reason given by the trial judge was clearly invalid: the unrelated pending criminal cases. The guidelines prohibit use of arrests and charges of criminal activity which have not culminated in convictions ⁶ for scoring or departure reasons. Sellers v. State, 499 So.2d 43, 44 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986).

The second reason given by the trial court might be legally sufficient, however. Basically, a harsher punishment was...