Commonwealth v. Amos

• Decision Date: 27 February 2014
• Docket Number: Record No. 130757.
• Citation: 754 S.E.2d 304,287 Va. 301
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court
• Parties: COMMONWEALTH of Virginia v. Felecia AMOS.

287 Va. 301

754 S.E.2d 304

COMMONWEALTH of Virginia

v.Felecia AMOS.

Record No. 130757.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

Feb. 27, 2014.

Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on briefs), for appellant.

Justin M. Ellis (Martin V. Totaro; Robert K. Kry; Steven F. Molo; MoloLamken, on brief), for appellee.

Amicus Curiae: Domestic Violence Legal Empowerment and Appeals Project (Jonathan Ware; Peter Jaffe; Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, on brief), in support of appellee.

Present: KINSER, C.J., LEMONS, GOODWYN, MILLETTE, MIMS, and McCLANAHAN, JJ., and LACY, S.J.

Opinion by Senior Justice ELIZABETH B. LACY.

In this appeal we consider whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the contemporaneous objection exception in Code § 8.01–384(A) allows a litigant who was precluded by the trial court from asserting a contemporaneous objection to the court's ruling or order to raise the issue on appeal, notwithstanding the provisions of Rule 5A:18.

I. BACKGROUND

In July 2010, Antonio Jose Amos was convicted in the Circuit Court of Arlington County of assaulting his estranged wife, Felecia Amos. Mr. Amos was sentenced to six months' incarceration, suspended for one year conditioned on good behavior, and ordered, as relevant here, to have no contact with Felecia Amos and to not harass her.

Three months later, in October 2010, Ms. Amos wrote a letter to an Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney for Arlington County alleging that Mr. Amos had harassed her through telephone calls and text messages and that he had threatened her during two custody exchanges of their son. She alleged that Mr. Amos' actions violated the terms of his probation and that she was seeking help from the Commonwealth Attorney's Office because she was “in fear of [her] life.” Based on this letter, the Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney sought and obtained a rule to show cause against Mr. Amos.

At the hearing on the show cause order, Ms. Amos testified, among other things, that during a particular custody exchange Mr. Amos harassed and threatened her, used profanity against her, told her she was “going down,” and followed her in his car when she left the premises. Her testimony was contradicted by the testimony of Mr. Amos and another individual who had accompanied him to the custody exchange. The trial court also heard a tape recording of the incident made by Mr. Amos that was consistent with Mr. Amos' testimony. The Commonwealth provided no rebuttal testimony or other evidence.

The trial court ruled that Mr. Amos had not violated the terms and conditions of his probation and dismissed the rule to show cause. The trial judge then stated that he was “not through.” He called Ms. Amos to “[s]tand in front of [the] podium” and told her that she had “flat-out lied under oath,” was “nothing but a vindictive woman towards [Mr. Amos],” and that she was not going to “use this process to further that vindictiveness.” The trial judge then summarily held Ms. Amos in contempt of court pursuant to Code § 18.2–456, sentenced her to jail for ten days, remanded her into custody, and called the next case. Ms. Amos was immediately taken to jail. She did not object or make any statements to the trial judge at the time of the contempt ruling on June 10, 2011.

On June 27, 2011, Ms. Amos, pro se, filed a “MOTION TO VACATE SENTENCE AND OBJECT TO THIS HONORABLE COURT['S] FINDING.” Ms. Amos argued that she testified truthfully, was never given an opportunity to object to the trial court's finding of contempt, that the trial court deprived her of her constitutional rights to due process, and that her conduct did not require summary punishment because it was not an open, serious threat to orderly procedure. Ms. Amos simultaneously filed a notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals of Virginia. No hearing was held or ruling issued on Ms. Amos' pro se motion.

In her petition for appeal to the Court of Appeals, Ms. Amos assigned error to the trial court's order of conviction, asserting that there was insufficient evidence to support the summary contempt conviction and that her constitutional due process rights were violated. The Commonwealth contended that Ms. Amos failed to preserve the issues she raised on appeal because she did not object at the time the trial court held her in contempt and she did not get a ruling on her motion for reconsideration or show that the trial court was made aware of her arguments as required by Rule 5A:18 and Brandon v. Cox, 284 Va. 251, 736 S.E.2d 695 (2012).

The Court of Appeals en banc reversed Ms. Amos' summary contempt conviction and entered final judgment in a 6–5 decision. Amos v. Commonwealth, 61 Va.App. 730, 740 S.E.2d 43 (2013). The majority concluded that the trial court deprived Ms. Amos of any opportunity to object at the time of the ruling and

[t]he fact that the trial court never ruled on her motion to reconsider or was not made aware of it does not foreclose appellate review of Mrs. Amos's arguments. This conclusion is driven by a plain language reading of Code § 8.01–384(A), that the absence of such an opportunity to object “shall not thereafter prejudice [a party] ... on appeal.”

Id. at 737, 741, 740 S.E.2d at 46–47, 49.

The Commonwealth appealed to this Court, assigning error to that part of the Court of Appeals' judgment holding that pursuant to Code § 8.01–384(A) Ms. Amos did not default the arguments raised on appeal. The Commonwealth did not assign error to the Court of Appeals' holding that Ms. Amos was denied the opportunity to object at the time of the summary contempt ruling or the Court of Appeals' reversal of the summary contempt conviction.

II. ANALYSIS

This appeal requires us to construe relevant provisions of Code § 8.01–384(A). Issues of statutory construction are questions of law which we review de novo. Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 517, 659 S.E.2d 311, 315 (2008). We apply the plain meaning of the language appearing in the statute unless it is ambiguous or applying the plain language leads to an absurd result. Baker v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 572, 576, 733 S.E.2d 642, 644 (2012).

Code § 8.01–384(A) addresses the various actions that a party may take to preserve an issue or argument for assertion on appeal.¹ It also contains an exception to the contemporaneous objection requirement which provides:

if a party has no opportunity to object to a ruling or order at the time it is made, the absence of an objection shall not thereafter prejudice him on motion for a new trial or on appeal.

Id.

The Commonwealth argues that although Code § 8.01–384(A) may excuse the requirement of a contemporaneous objection, it does not immunize the litigant from affording the trial court an opportunity to rule on his objection at a later point in the proceeding and obtaining a ruling on that objection under Rule 5A:18 and Nusbaum v. Berlin, 273 Va. 385, 406–07, 641 S.E.2d 494, 505–06 (2007). We disagree.

The plain language of the contemporaneous objection exception in Code § 8.01–384(A) states that when the litigant, through no fault of his own, is prevented from making a contemporaneous objection to the court's ruling or order, the failure to object “ shall not thereafter prejudice ” the litigant on appeal. (Emphasis added.) This language is clear and unqualified. The statute imposes no requirement that when the contemporaneous objection exception applies, a party, if able, must file a post-conviction objection or otherwise bring the objection to the court's attention at a later point in the proceedings as the Commonwealth argues. To adopt the Commonwealth's position would require us to add language to the statute. This Court may not construe the plain language of a statute “in a manner that amounts to holding that the General Assembly meant to add a requirement to the statute that it did not actually express.” Vaughn, Inc. v. Beck, 262 Va. 673, 679, 554 S.E.2d 88, 91 (2001). Nor may the Court “ ‘add language to [a] statute [that] the General Assembly has not seen fit to include.’ ” Virginia Elec. & Power Co. v. State Corp. Comm'n, 284 Va. 726, 741, 735 S.E.2d 684, 691 (2012)(quoting Jackson v. Fidelity & Deposit Co., 269 Va. 303, 313, 608 S.E.2d 901, 906 (2005) and Holsapple v. Commonwealth, 266 Va. 593, 599, 587 S.E.2d 561, 564–65 (2003)).

We agree with the Court of Appeals' observation that a person who had no opportunity to object at the time a ruling is made

may be able to and may choose to file a motion to reconsider. It may even be wise to do so. Such a step, however, is not required under Code § 8.01–384(A) in order to preserve an issue for appellate review.

Amos, 61 Va.App. at 740, 740 S.E.2d at 48.

Contrary to the Commonwealth's argument, Rule 5A:18 does not require a different result. Rule 5A:18 and our case law requiring an issue to be presented to the court for determination as a predicate for appellate review focuses on the actions of the litigant. See, e.g., Scialdone v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 422, 437–39, 689 S.E.2d 716, 724–25 (2010)(explaining that the purpose of Rule 5:25 is to afford the trial court with an opportunity to rule intelligently on issues presented by a party and that under the facts presented, the defendants satisfied such purpose by stating objections and grounds therefor in a motion to stay); ²Brown v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 210, 217–18, 688 S.E.2d 185, 189–90 (2010)(concluding Commonwealth made position known to trial court, thus providing it with an opportunityto rule on that position); George v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 767, 773–74, 667 S.E.2d 779, 782 (2008)(holding defendant put court on sufficient notice of position); Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44, 400 S.E.2d 164, 167 (1991)(finding plaintiffs preserved issues for appeal in hearing and motion to rehear); Jackson v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co., 179 Va. 642, 651, 20 S.E.2d 489, 492 (1942)(holding party must state objection and grounds in such a manner that the trial judge can understand the question...