Deschaine v. St. Germain

• Decision Date: 29 May 2003
• Docket Number: Docket No. 244135.
• Citation: 671 N.W.2d 79,256 Mich. App. 665
• Parties: Julie DESCHAINE, Plaintiff, v. Curtis Dominique ST. GERMAIN, Defendant-Appellee, and Robert Deschaine, Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US

671 N.W.2d 79

256 Mich. App. 665

Julie DESCHAINE, Plaintiff, v. Curtis Dominique ST. GERMAIN, Defendant-Appellee, and Robert Deschaine, Appellant.

Docket No. 244135.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted May 20, 2003, at Marquette.

Decided May 29, 2003, at 9:05 a.m.

Released for Publication July 14, 2003.

Lynette L. Erickson, Menominee, for the defendant.

Coggins & Wolfe (by Kim A. Coggins), Menominee, for the appellant.

Before: SMOLENSKI, P.J., and RICHARD ALLEN GRIFFIN and O'CONNELL, JJ.

O'CONNELL, J.

Appellant Robert Deschaine appeals as of right the circuit court's order stating that he did not meet the requirements of M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b) to obtain guardianship of his granddaughter. We affirm.

I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Plaintiff Julie Deschaine is the mother of nine-year-old Tiffany Deschaine. Defendant Curtis Dominique St. Germain is Tiffany's biological father, and Robert Deschaine is Julie's father and Tiffany's grandfather. The central issue in this case arose when Julie died. At the time of her mother's death, Tiffany resided with her mother. Tiffany's father had joint legal custody and parenting time,¹ while her mother had sole physical custody.

Julie had asked her father and mother, Robert and Joyce Deschaine, to have Tiffany live with them for several periods. On one occasion, Tiffany lived with Robert and Joyce for six months. Julie listed Robert and Joyce as emergency contacts at Tiffany's school and Tiffany had a permanent, fully furnished bedroom at Robert and Joyce's home. While Julie did not indicate in writing² her wishes for Tiffany's care in the event of her death, Robert and Joyce claimed that Julie told them she wanted them to care for Tiffany if anything ever happened to Julie.

Immediately after Julie's death, Robert and Joyce went to Julie's home and brought Tiffany to their home. Robert and Joyce testified that they did not know where Curtis was so they could not contact him. On the day of Julie's funeral, Curtis wanted to bring Tiffany to his home, but Robert refused to allow Curtis to do so.³ Soon after, Robert filed a petition for temporary guardianship of Tiffany in the family division of the circuit court. The petition was amended to cite the requirements for guardianship set forth in M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b). The court initially granted Robert temporary guardianship for a three-week period, and Robert immediately moved for permanent or "ordinary" guardianship and custody. Citing lack of notice, Curtis objected to the initial grant of temporary guardianship, and a hearing was scheduled. Following the hearing, the circuit court decided that Robert did not satisfy the conditions of M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b) to obtain a guardianship of any type. This ruling effectively reversed the court's grant of temporary guardianship. Consequently, Robert did not have standing to petition for custody of Tiffany. See M.C.L. § 722.26b(1) (a guardian has standing to move for custody).⁴ Thus, the court granted Curtis's motion to dismiss Robert's ancillary request for custody and parenting time and denied Robert's alternative request for grandparent visitation.⁵ However, the court stayed its order so that Tiffany could continue to live with Robert and Joyce pending this appeal.

II. APPLICABLE LAW

The issue on appeal is whether Robert satisfied the relevant guardianship statute, M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b), which would have granted Robert standing to move for custody of his granddaughter. We agree with the circuit court that Robert did not meet the first statutory requirement of being permitted to house Tiffany when Julie died. A circuit court's factual findings are reviewed for clear error, which occurs when this Court is left with a firm and definite conviction that a mistake was made. Townsend v. Brown Corp. of Ionia, Inc., 206 Mich.App. 257, 263, 521 N.W.2d 16 (1994).

M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b) states:

The court may appoint a guardian for an unmarried minor if ...:

* * *

The parent or parents permit the minor to reside with another person and do not provide the other person with legal authority for the minor's care and maintenance, and the minor is not residing with his or her parent or parents when the petition is filed. [Emphasis added.] [⁶]

Statutory interpretation is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. Cork v. Applebee's of Michigan, Inc., 239 Mich.App. 311, 316, 608 N.W.2d 62 (2000). The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain the Legislature's intent. Manning v. Amerman, 229 Mich.App. 608, 612, 582 N.W.2d 539 (1998). The first step in determining intent is examining the specific language of the statute. Id. Our Legislature is presumed to have intended the meaning it plainly expressed. Id. Judicial construction is permitted only if the language is ambiguous or unclear. Wortelboer v. Benzie Co., 212 Mich.App. 208, 215, 537 N.W.2d 603 (1995).

III. ANALYSIS

We hold that the section of the guardianship statute cited above is not unclear and, therefore, statutory construction is not appropriate. See id.

In our view, the plain language of the statute states that if parents permit their child to permanently reside with someone else when the guardianship issue arises, the court may appoint a guardian for the child. See M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b). Note that the term "permit," the meaning of which the parties primarily contest here, is in the present tense.⁷ Thus, the permission referred to in the statute must be currently occurring—which would be shown by the child's actual presence in the care of another—when the guardianship issue arises. See, e.g., Michalski v. Bar-Levav, 463 Mich. 723, 733, 625 N.W.2d 754 (2001) (statutory language must be evaluated considering the present tense of the verbs employed); Chmielewski v. Xermac, Inc., 457 Mich. 593, 610 n. 20, 580 N.W.2d 817 (1998) (Court's reading of statute "honors the Legislature's choice of the present tense"); Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. of Michigan v. Porter & Heckman, Inc., 220 Mich.App. 627, 642 n. 11, 560 N.W.2d 367 (1997) (present-tense definition of "owner" applied to "current" owners).

In the present case, when the guardianship issue arose by Julie's death, Julie was not permitting Tiffany to reside with Robert and Joyce. When Julie died, Tiffany was living with Julie.⁸ Thus, at the time of Julie's death, Julie was not allowing Tiffany to live with Robert and Joyce, no matter what her past course of conduct or future intention was regarding this issue.⁹ Therefore, the trial court properly ruled it could not appoint Robert as guardian for Tiffany under M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b).

IV. CONCLUSION

While we need not employ principles of statutory construction because we hold that the statute is unambiguous, see Wortelboer, supra, even if we were to employ these principles, they would weigh in favor of the plain language of the statute. See, e.g., Soap & Detergent Ass'n v. Natural Resources Comm., 415 Mich. 728, 737, 330 N.W.2d 346 (1982) (Court noted that, alternatively, statutory construction would support plain language reading of statute). Importantly, M.C.L. § 700.5204 was preceded by M.C.L. § 700.424, which was repealed effective April 1, 2000, by 1998 PA 386. M.C.L. § 700.424(2)(b) formerly stated, "The parent or parents have permitted the minor to reside with another person...." (Emphasis added.) In contrast, as we stated above, the current version of the statute uses the term "permit." M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b). Any material change in the language of a statute is presumed to indicate a change in legal rights. Sam v. Balardo, 411 Mich. 405, 430-431, 308 N.W.2d 142 (1981); Ettinger v. Lansing, 215 Mich.App. 451, 455, 546 N.W.2d 652 (1996). Thus, the statutory language was changed from the present perfect tense, "have permitted," to the present tense, "permit." Compare M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b), and former M.C.L. § 700.424(2)(b); see, e.g., Girard v. Wagenmaker, 437 Mich. 231, 242-243, 470 N.W.2d 372 (1991) (statute was interpreted in accordance with the use of the present perfect tense of the verb). The Girard Court noted:

The present perfect tense generally "indicates action that was started in the past and has recently been completed or is continuing up to the present time," Sabin, ed., The Gregg Reference Manual (New York: McGraw-Hill, 6th ed., 1985), ch 10, p 192, or shows "that a current action is logically subsequent to a previous recent action." Ray & Ramsfield, Legal Writing: Getting It Right and Getting It Written (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1987), p 229. [Girard, supra at 242, 470 N.W.2d 372.]

Therefore, the meaning of the present perfect tense is distinct from the meaning of the present tense. See also Random House Webster's College Dictionary (2001) ("[P]resent tense" means "being, existing, or occurring at this time or now...."), M.C.L. § 8.3a, and Mino v. McCarthy, 209 Mich.App. 302, 304-305, 530 N.W.2d 779 (1995) (the words of a statute must be given their ordinary, normally accepted meanings). We conclude that the distinction in verb tense represents a difference in this case, resulting in a finding that, even under statutory-construction principles, the current version of the statute uses the present tense of "permit" only.¹⁰ Therefore, the circuit court did not err in holding that Julie's past permission for Robert to take care of Tiffany did not meet the requirements for appointment of a guardian under M.C.L. § 700.5204(2)(b).

Affirmed.

1. While Curtis did not utilize his parenting time very often, we note that his fitness as a parent is not immediately at issue in the present guardianship matter.

2. See M.C.L. § 700.5202 (a parent's will may provide for guardianship in the event of the parent's death).

3. Robert testified, in part, that Curtis appeared to be glassy-eyed, so Robert did not allow Tiffany to go with him that day.

4. A temporary guardianship is the same as a permanent or "ordinary" guardianship except that a temporary guardianship may not...