East-Bibb Twiggs Neighborhood Ass'n v. MACON BIBB PLANNING & ZONING COM'N

• Decision Date: 13 March 1990
• Docket Number: No. 89-8148.,89-8148.
• Parties: EAST-BIBB TWIGGS NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION, Robert Moffett and Roscoe Ross, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. MACON BIBB PLANNING & ZONING COMMISSION and Mullis Tree Service, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

896 F.2d 1264

EAST-BIBB TWIGGS NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION, Robert Moffett and Roscoe Ross, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. MACON BIBB PLANNING & ZONING COMMISSION and Mullis Tree Service, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 89-8148.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

November 30, 1989.

As Amended on Denial of Rehearing March 13, 1990.

Lonzy F. Edwards, Edwards & Williams, Macon, Ga., for plaintiffs-appellants.

O. Hale Almand, Jr., Smith, Hawkins, Almand & Hollingworth, Macon, Ga., for Macon Bibb & Zoning.

William P. Adams, Adams, Hemingway, Wilson & Baxter, Macon, Ga., for Mullis.

Before TJOFLAT, Chief Judge, HATCHETT, Circuit Judge, and MORGAN, Senior Circuit Judge.

HATCHETT, Circuit Judge:

In this appeal brought by residents of an area in which a Georgia county plans to locate a landfill, the district court dismissed as "not ripe" due process and taking claims, and ruled against the residents, after a bench trial, on an equal protection claim. We affirm.

I. FACTS

On May 14, 1986, the Mullis Tree Service ("Mullis") applied to the Macon-Bibb County Planning and Zoning Commission ("the Commission") for a conditional use permit to operate a "non-putrescible" landfill in Macon, Georgia. A non-putrescible landfill contains wood, paper, and other items that do not decompose rapidly. Mullis sought to build the landfill in a census tract where 3,367 black residents and 2,149 white residents lived. On June 23, 1986, the Commission convened to consider Mullis's application. Approximately 150 opponents of the Mullis plan attended the meeting. The Commission denied Mullis's application.

In July, 1986, the Commission convened to reconsider Mullis's application. After substantial deliberation, the Commission approved Mullis's application subject to four conditions: (1) approval by the county engineer; (2) approval by applicable state and federal agencies; (3) restrictions on dumping of putrescible materials; and (4) Commission approval of a final site. In November, 1986, the Commission granted final approval for Mullis's conditional use permit.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

After the Commission granted Mullis's conditional use permit, several property owners filed a state court certiorari petition, pursuant to section 27.15 of the Macon-Bibb Land Development Resolution.¹ The Superior Court of Bibb County dismissed this complaint because the property owners failed to name Mullis, an indispensable party to the action. On May 2, 1987, the property owners appealed to the Georgia Court of Appeals.

In April, 1987, with the state action pending, the East-Bibb Twiggs Neighborhood Association and two individuals ("the residents") filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action in the district court, seeking to enjoin the Commission from granting Mullis a conditional use permit. The residents also sought monetary damages from the Commission and Mullis. In their complaint, the residents raised four constitutional issues: (1) Mullis and the Commission denied them procedural due process rights under applicable zoning regulations; (2) Mullis's and the Commission's actions denied them substantive due process because the Commission's decision to grant Mullis a conditional use permit did not relate to public health, safety, morality, or general welfare; (3) the Commission's decision to grant Mullis a conditional use permit constituted a taking without just compensation; and (4) Mullis's and the Commission's choice of a landfill site denied them equal protection of the law because the decision affected more black persons than white persons. Mullis and the Commission moved to dismiss the residents' action.

On June 19, 1987, 662 F.Supp. 1465, (M.D.Ga.), the district court ruled that the residents did not present ripe due process or taking claims and dismissed those claims without prejudice. The district court relied on Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank, 473 U.S. 172, 105 S.Ct. 3108, 87 L.Ed.2d 126 (1985). The district court permitted the residents to proceed with their equal protection claim.

In October, 1988, the district court conducted a bench trial on the equal protection claim. On February 16, 1989, the district court ruled for the Commission and Mullis.

III. CONTENTIONS OF THE PARTIES

The residents contend that the district court improperly dismissed their due process and taking claims. The residents also contend that the district court erroneously entered judgment for the Commission and Mullis on the equal protection claim.

The Commission and Mullis contend that the district court properly dismissed the residents' due process and taking claims. The Commission and Mullis also contend that the district court properly entered judgment in its favor on the residents' equal protection claim.

IV. ISSUES

The issues presented on appeal are: (1) whether the district court properly ruled that the residents did not present ripe due process and taking claims; and (2) whether the district court correctly entered judgment in favor of Mullis and the Commission on the residents' equal protection claim.

V. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

The district court's application of Williamson constitutes a question of law which we review de novo. See Georgia Power Co. v. Baker, 830 F.2d 163, 165 (11th Cir.1987); Atlantic Land & Improvement Co. v. United States, 790 F.2d 853, 857 (11th Cir.1986).

In reviewing the district court's bench trial conclusions, we review factual findings for clear error. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).

B. Due Process and Taking Claims

The residents argue that the district court incorrectly relied on Williamson when it ruled that the residents did not present ripe due process and taking claims. The residents argue that the district court should have relied on Patsy v. Board of Regents, 457 U.S. 496, 102 S.Ct. 2557, 73 L.Ed.2d 172 (1982) in which the Supreme Court ruled that section 1983 plaintiffs are not required to exhaust state judicial or administrative remedies.

In Williamson, the Supreme Court clearly distinguished between exhaustion of judicial or administrative remedies and exhaustion of the administrative process itself.

The question whether administrative remedies must be exhausted is conceptually distinct, however, from the question whether an administrative action must be final before it is judicially reviewable.... While the policies underlying the two concepts often overlap, the finality requirement is concerned with whether the initial decision-maker has arrived at a definitive position on the issue that inflicts an actual, concrete injury; the exhaustion requirement generally refers to administrative and judicial procedures by which an injured party may seek review of an adverse decision and obtain a remedy if the decision is found to be unlawful or otherwise inappropriate. Patsy concerned the latter, not the former.

Williamson, 473 U.S. at 192-93, 105 S.Ct. at 3119-20.

When the residents filed their section 1983 action, they had not exhausted the process leading toward "just compensation" because they failed to seek compensation through state law procedures. See Williamson, 473 U.S. at...