Evans v. Cupp

• Decision Date: 22 August 1969
• Docket Number: No. 22853.,22853.
• Citation: 415 F.2d 844
• Parties: Charles E. EVANS, Appellant, v. H. C. CUPP, Warden, Oregon State Penitentiary, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

415 F.2d 844 (1969)

Charles E. EVANS, Appellant, v. H. C. CUPP, Warden, Oregon State Penitentiary, Appellee.

No. 22853.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

August 22, 1969.

Jerome Marks (argued) and Gerald N. Hill, San Francisco, Cal., for appellant.

Jacob B. Tanzer (argued) Sol. Gen., Lee Johnson, Atty. Gen., Salem Or., for appellee.

Before MERRILL and DUNIWAY, Circuit Judges, and BURKE^*, District Judge.

DUNIWAY, Circuit Judge:

Habeas corpus. Evans was convicted in Oregon state court on October 23, 1964, of rape, upon a jury verdict of ten for conviction and two for acquittal. His conviction was affirmed on direct appeal, State v. Evans (1965), 241 Or. 567, 407 P.2d 621. His application for a writ of habeas corpus was denied by the district court after an evidentiary hearing. His contentions will be considered seriatim.

1. Unanimous verdict. Evans argues that his conviction by a less than unanimous jury pursuant to Oregon law¹ was a violation of the seventh amendment to the Constitution, made applicable to the states in Duncan v. Louisiana, 1968, 391 U.S. 145, 88 S.Ct. 1444, 20 L. Ed.2d 491, 522. However, Duncan is to receive only prospective application. DeStefano v. Woods, 1968, 392 U.S. 631, 88 S.Ct. 2093, 20 L.Ed.2d 1308. See also Delaney v. Gladden, 9 Cir. 1968, 397 F.2d 17, 22.

2. Prosecutorial comment. Evans argues that the rule of Griffin v. California, 1965, 380 U.S. 609, 85 S.Ct. 1229, 14 L.Ed.2d 106, was violated by the following comments of the prosecutor during closing argument:

"The defendant has been here in court. He hasn\'t been before us other than in person, bodily present.

* * * * * *

Now, we haven\'t had the benefit of the defendant\'s testimony in this case. There was only one thing — there was only one way we can reach his mind or his thinking in this case and that involves his flight from a state hospital after his arrest on the rape charges * * * The only conclusion is that * * * he was guilty and he knew it. And as I said, this is the only insight, the single insight that we have to this man."

Evans' trial counsel did not object to these remarks either when they were made or on direct appeal, even though comment on failure to testify is error under Oregon law.² The trial court instructed the jury that Evans' failure to take the stand in his own behalf could not be considered as a presumption or inference of guilt, and could not be held against him in any way.

We doubt that what the prosecutor said falls within the Griffin rule, but if it does, we hold that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Chapman v. California, 1967, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705. Furthermore, Evans has waived this point; he did not raise it either in the state courts or in the district court.

3. Search and seizure. A policeman investigating the crime interviewed Evans in his hotel room and asked him to accompany him to the county seat for further investigation. The policeman obtained Evans' consent to search his car, but did not warn him of his constitutional rights. The search disclosed a shotgun and blanket, which were introduced at trial without objection. Counsel later moved to suppress but subsequently expressly waived the motion.

Evans now claims that it was error to admit those items in evidence because the search was without warrant and not incident to a valid arrest or an intelligent consent. He says that his consent was not valid because he was not given a warning.

The district court correctly held that Evans' trial counsel deliberately waived the point as a matter of trial strategy. Henry v. Mississippi, 1965, 379 U.S. 443, 451, 85 S.Ct. 564, 13 L.Ed.2d 408; Curry v. Wilson, 9 Cir., 1968, 405 F.2d 110, 112. Counsel's strategy was to admit that Evans had a shotgun, that he had forced the complaining witness off the road, and that an act of intercourse had taken place, but to deny that there was any lack of consent. By not disputing the testimony of the complainant or any other witness on any issue except consent, and by not objecting to the introduction of such items as the shotgun and blanket, counsel sought to persuade the jury of Evans' sincerity and veracity. Counsel was evidently concerned with avoiding giving the jury the impression that Evans was trying to hide something. Objection would have enhanced the importance of the gun and the blanket in the eyes of the jury. This was certainly a reasonable strategy, even though it did not work. And it is binding on Evans.

Alternatively, Evans cannot succeed on the merits. He was tried in October of 1964, after Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S.Ct. 1758, 12 L.Ed.2d 977 but before Miranda v. Arizona, 1966, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694. The Supreme Court has recently held that the...