Farrakhan v. Com.

• Decision Date: 12 January 2007
• Docket Number: Record No. 060252.
• Citation: 639 S.E.2d 227
• Parties: Shaka Amir FARRAKHAN v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.
• Court: Virginia Supreme Court

639 S.E.2d 227

Shaka Amir FARRAKHAN v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia.

Record No. 060252.

Supreme Court of Virginia.

January 12, 2007.

Paul E. Pepper, Deputy Public Defender, for appellant.

Michael T. Judge, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Present: HASSELL, C.J., LACY, KOONTZ, KINSER, LEMONS, and AGEE, JJ., and RUSSELL, S.J.

OPINION BY Justice DONALD W. LEMONS.

Virginia Code § 18.2-308(A) provides in part that it is unlawful for "any person" to carry "about his person, hidden from common observation . . . any dirk, bowie knife, switchblade knife, ballistic knife, machete, razor" or "any weapon of like kind as those enumerated in this subsection." A first offense violation of this code provision is a Class 1 misdemeanor. Further, Code § 18.2-308.2 provides that it is a Class 6 felony for a previously convicted felon "to knowingly and intentionally carry about his person, hidden from common observation, any weapon described in subsection A of § 18.2-308." In this appeal, we consider whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the knife carried by the defendant was a "weapon of like kind" under Code § 18.2-308(A).

I. Facts and Proceedings Below

On the morning of January 8, 2004, Shaka Amir Farrakhan ("Farrakhan") entered a women's furnishings store. While Farrakhan looked at women's boots, the store manager "walked to the front door, turned [her] back to the front door and started facing inside of the store." Farrakhan selected two shoe boxes and began to walk towards the front door. Seeing the store manager standing at the front of the store, Farrakhan commented: "Oh, look. You're over here waiting for me."

Farrakhan started to leave the store, and the store manager asked: "Sir, can I get my boots back, please?" At some point either before or after the store manager's question, Farrakhan "pulled out a knife from inside of his jacket." The store manager testified that it looked like a kitchen knife. Farrakhan jabbed the knife toward the store manager stating: "[G]et the fuck out of my way." The store manager then backed away from Farrakhan. Farrakhan exited the store with the boots, and the store manager "ran to call 911." After leaving the store, Farrakhan was apprehended by police. A knife was recovered from the sidewalk where the police had pursued Farrakhan.

Farrakhan was charged with one count of robbery and one count of possession of a concealed weapon "described in Virginia Code § 18.2-308A" "having previously been convicted of a felony offense." In the bench trial, upon the conclusion of the Commonwealth's case-in-chief and again at the conclusion of the presentation of all the evidence, Farrakhan moved to strike the concealed weapon charge because he maintained that the knife was not enumerated in Code § 18.2-308(A) or a "weapon of like kind." The trial court found Farrakhan guilty of robbery^* and possession of a concealed weapon by a felon. The trial court observed that the knife used by Farrakhan was "not a pen knife or a pocket knife or something else," but was a "kitchen knife" with a "long, thin blade."

Farrakhan appealed to the Court of Appeals, where his conviction was affirmed. Farrakhan v. Commonwealth, Record No. 1804-04-4, 2005 WL 3157740 (November 29, 2005). Farrakhan appeals to this Court upon one assignment of error:

The Court of Appeals erred in upholding the erroneous rulings of the trial court in not granting Defendant's motion to strike and in finding the evidence sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant was guilty of possessing a concealed weapon by a convicted felon because the kitchen knife at issue is not a "weapon of like kind" for the purposes of VA CODE § 18.2-308(A).

II. Analysis

The construction of a statute is a question of law which we review de novo upon appeal. Dowling v. Rowan, 270 Va. 510, 519, 621 S.E.2d 397, 401 (2005). Code § 18.2-308(A) is not a model of clarity. The interpretative history of the phrase "weapon of like kind" in Code § 18.2-308(A) has proven to be problematic to trial and appellate courts of the Commonwealth. For example, in Ricks v. Commonwealth, 27 Va.App. 442, 445, 499 S.E.2d 575, 576 (1998), the Court of Appeals held that "the language of the statute does not provide that the purpose for carrying the knife is relevant. Rather, the physical characteristics of the knife determine whether the knife is a weapon contemplated by the statute." Two years later in Delcid v. Commonwealth, 32 Va.App. 14, 18, 526 S.E.2d 273, 275 (2000), the Court of Appeals held that a "determination whether a given bladed instrument is an implement or a weapon requires consideration not only of the physical character of the instrument itself, but also of the circumstances surrounding its possession and use." In 2005, the Court of Appeals in Ohin v. Commonwealth, 47 Va.App. 194, 199, 622 S.E.2d 784, 786 (2005), focused upon "a knife's weapon-like properties" and held that "[a] `weapon of like kind' includes a knife that, while not possessing the exact physical properties of the enumerated knives, has the characteristics of a fighting knife just the same." The Court of Appeals added "[t]his focus on a knife's weapon-like properties `excludes from concealed weapons statutes innocuous household and industrial knives which may be carried for legitimate purposes.'" Id. Additionally, the Court of Appeals held in this case that:

While nominally described as a "kitchen knife," the knife when viewed is more akin to a butcher's knife. It is 12¾ inches long with a sharp 7¾ inch blade that is finely honed and has a sharp point. It possesses, as discussed in Delcid, "unquestionable utility as a stabbing weapon." This was the threat posed by appellant.

In considering whether a knife is a "weapon of like kind" we look not only to the appearance of the instrument, but also to the purpose for which it was employed and the circumstances surrounding its use.

Farrakhan v. Commonwealth, Record No. 1804-04-4, slip op. at 7-8, 2005 WL 3157740 (November 29, 2005) (internal citation omitted).

In accordance with the principles of statutory construction of penal statutes, a court must not add to the words of the statute nor ignore the words of the statute and must strictly construe the statute and limit its application to cases falling clearly within the statute. Turner v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 456, 459, 309 S.E.2d 337, 338 (1983). Additionally, it is a "settled principle of statutory construction that every part of a statute is presumed to have some effect and no part will be considered meaningless unless absolutely...