Finney v. Zant, 81-8006

• Decision Date: 11 July 1983
• Docket Number: No. 81-8006,81-8006
• Citation: 709 F.2d 643
• Parties: Eddie William FINNEY, Petitioner, v. Walter D. ZANT, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 643

709 F.2d 643

Eddie William FINNEY, Petitioner, v. Walter D. ZANT, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center, Respondent.

No. 81-8006.

United States Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit.

July 11, 1983.

Dwight L. Thomas, Decatur, Ga., Ursula Bentele, New York City, for petitioner.

Susan Boleyn, Asst. Atty. Gen., Atlanta, Ga., for respondent.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia.

Before RONEY, TJOFLAT and FAY, Circuit Judges.

RONEY, Circuit Judge:

Convicted of murder and kidnapping and sentenced to death, Eddie William Finney appeals from the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. We affirm the denial of the writ as to the convictions, finding no constitutional violation as to the three issues asserted on appeal: (1) the denial of an independent psychiatric expert to an indigent defendant whose sanity is at issue, (2) his absence during a part of the trial, and (3) the effectiveness of defense counsel at the trial.

We reverse the denial of the writ as to the sentence, however, on the basis of the recently decided Westbrook v. Zant, 704 F.2d 1487 (11th Cir.1983).

Finney and Johnny Mack Westbrook were indicted in Jones County, Georgia, for the murder and kidnapping of two elderly women. Two experienced criminal attorneys were appointed to represent Finney. Finney pled not guilty by reason of insanity, and the trial court ordered him committed to Central State Hospital for psychiatric evaluation. At a pretrial hearing a jury found Finney competent to stand trial. Finney and Westbrook were tried separately, and Finney's trial began the day after Westbrook's trial had resulted in his conviction. The evidence of kidnapping, torture, rape, and brutal deaths was overwhelming, as was the evidence that defendant Finney was a full participant in the crimes. The jury found Finney guilty on all counts, recommended the death penalty for each count of murder, and he was so sentenced. The judge sentenced Finney to life imprisonment for each count of kidnapping with bodily injury.

The denial of habeas corpus relief to Westbrook has now been reversed by another panel of this Court, Westbrook v. Zant, 704 F.2d 1487 (11th Cir.1983).

The first step in Finney's appellate process was direct appeal to the Supreme Court of Georgia, which affirmed the conviction and sentence. Finney v. State, 242 Ga. 582, 250 S.E.2d 388 (1978). The United States Supreme Court denied a petition for certiorari. Finney v. Georgia, 441 U.S. 916, 99 S.Ct. 2017, 60 L.Ed.2d 388 (1979). Collateral attack on Finney's conviction began with a petition for writ of habeas corpus in state court. After an evidentiary hearing the court denied relief. The Georgia Supreme Court denied Finney's application for a certificate of probable cause to appeal the denial of the writ, and the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari. Finney v. Balkcom, 449 U.S. 913, 101 S.Ct. 287, 66 L.Ed.2d 141 (1980). Next, the federal district court denied Finney's petition for habeas corpus relief, and this appeal followed.

The state court did not deprive Finney of constitutional due process or effective assistance of counsel in refusing to appoint a second psychiatrist after a first court-ordered psychiatric examination.

At arraignment after defense counsel had entered a plea of not guilty, the trial court ordered Finney sent to the Central State Hospital for psychiatric examination by a forensic team of professionals. Defense counsel requested appointment of independent psychiatric experts, but the court deferred ruling on the motion pending the outcome of the court-ordered examination. After the court-ordered examination, the trial court rejected defense counsel's request for funds and a continuance for an independent psychiatric examination. Before Finney's trial a jury found against his special plea of insanity.

This court has recognized the role of psychiatric testimony in providing effective assistance of counsel to an accused. See Beavers v. Balkcom, 636 F.2d 114, 116 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Edwards, 488 F.2d 1154, 1163 (5th Cir.1974); McCollum v. Bush, 344 F.2d 672, 672 (5th Cir.1965), aff'g 231 F.Supp. 560, 564-65 (N.D.Tex.1964).

In this case the trial court ordered that Finney be evaluated by psychiatric experts at the Central State Hospital. These experts testified at the trial and were subjected to cross-examination by Finney's attorneys. There is no indication in the record or assertion on appeal that defense counsel were denied access to the complete reports of the forensic team at the hospital. Finney's sanity was put in issue by competent evidence, and defense counsel were not deprived of expert opinion on the question. This is sufficient. Barnard v. Henderson, 514 F.2d 744 (5th Cir.1975), is not to the contrary. Barnard held that a defense expert could not be barred from examining critical evidence. Barnard does not mandate that state funds be expended to provide an expert of defendant's own choosing when the court has appointed independent experts to perform the evaluation sought by the defendant.

Finney does not contend the court-appointed psychiatrists were biased. His contention that their examinations should have been more thorough and that their conclusions were inaccurate is the sort of argument that should be addressed to the finder of fact. The psychiatric examination was undertaken by a forensic services team of professionals at the state hospital. Finney was examined by two psychiatrists, a clinical psychologist, and a psychology intern, and was observed by a correctional officer, nurses, and aides.

Courts have held that indigent defendants are not entitled to "repeated psychiatric examination after substantial competent evidence has already been obtained." Blake v. Zant, 513 F.Supp. 772, 784 (citing United States ex rel. Smith v. Baldi, 344 U.S. 561, 568, 73 S.Ct. 391, 394-95, 97 L.Ed. 549 (1953)). In an often-cited First Circuit case, McGarty v. O'Brien, 188 F.2d 151 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 341 U.S. 928, 71 S.Ct. 794, 95 L.Ed. 1359 (1951), an indigent defendant's motion to employ psychiatrists at the expense of the state was denied where the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health had evaluated his sanity. While cognizant of the possibility that other reputable psychiatrists might have afforded support to the insanity defense, the court concluded that the accused was entitled to an impartial ascertainment of his mental condition but not to a battery of experts. Id. at 157. Accord, Satterfield v. Zahradnick, 572 F.2d 443, 445 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 920, 98 S.Ct. 2270, 56 L.Ed.2d 762 (1978).

Petitioner argues that a defendant in a capital case cannot waive his right to be present at trial and therefore his rights to due process and confrontation of witnesses were violated during a short absence when he went to the restroom. While it is clear that Finney was absent from the trial at one point and that his absence was brief, it is not clear precisely when he left. It is clear that his absence was voluntary. Because the basis of the right to be present at trial is the constitutional mandate to provide an opportunity to defend oneself, due process requires that the defendant be personally present "to the extent that a fair and just hearing would be thwarted by his absence, and to that extent only." Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 107-08, 54 S.Ct. 330, 333, 78 L.Ed. 674 (1934).

There is no indication in this record that Finney's absence was of any significance. His attorneys were present at all times. United States v. Stratton, 649 F.2d 1066, 1080 (5th Cir.1981); Estes v. United States, 335 F.2d 609, 617-18 (5th Cir.196...